scholarly journals Women Policing Women: A Patrol Woman in Montreal in the 1910s

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Myers
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
First Generation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
Women Criminals ◽  
Urban Streets ◽  
Working Class Women ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sexual Danger

Abstract The policewoman movement in England, Canada, and the United States begun in the 19th century with the prison reform movement. Just as separate prisons for women would protect them from the sexual danger of incarceration so would police matrons save the detained woman from the threat posed by male criminals and station officials. The next step in the evolution of the movement in the 1910s propelled women onto the streets as safety workers, patrol women, and policewomen, ostensibly to protect young women from lecherous males and to prevent the moral downfall of working-class women. The first generation of policewomen were a combination of social workers and cops, their duties being to chaperon the city's young women at dance halls, in parks and on urban streets. In 1918, Montreal hired its first policewomen to investigate women criminals. Using the files of one of the protective officers (Elizabeth Wand), Myers analyses the impact of this new disciplinary force. As a pioneer policewoman, whose job it was to patrol women and keep them safe from sexual danger and immorality, Wand expanded the meanings of crime, policing, and discipline. For this she encountered resistance from male officers and judges and from the policed women as well.

scholarly journals Prospective evaluation of the impact of stress, anxiety, and depression on household income among young women with early breast cancer from the Young and Strong trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E. Cook ◽  
Shoshana M. Rosenberg ◽  
Kathryn J. Ruddy ◽  
William T. Barry ◽  
Mary Greaney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Young women with breast cancer tend to report lower quality of life and higher levels of stress than older women with breast cancer, and this may have implications for other psychosocial factors including finances. We sought to determine if stress, anxiety, and depression at diagnosis were associated with changes in household income over 12-months in young women with breast cancer in the United States. Methods This study was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study comprised of women enrolled in the Young and Strong trial. Of the 467 women aged 18–45 newly diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer enrolled in the Young and Strong trial from 2012 to 2013, 356 (76%) answered income questions. Change in household income from baseline to 12 months was assessed and women were categorized as having lost, gained, maintained the same household income <$100,000, or maintained household income ≥$100,000. Patient-reported stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed close to diagnosis at trial enrollment. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were used to compare women who lost, gained, or maintained household income ≥$100,000 to women who maintained the same household income <$100,000. Results Although most women maintained household income ≥$100,000 (37.1%) or the same household income <$100,000 (32.3%), 15.4% lost household income and 15.2% gained household income. Stress, anxiety, and depression were not associated with gaining or losing household income compared to women maintaining household incomes <$100,000. Women with household incomes <$50,000 had a higher risk of losing household income compared to women with household incomes ≥$50,000. Women who maintained household incomes ≥$100,000 were less likely to report financial or insurance problems. Among women who lost household income, 56% reported financial problems and 20% reported insurance problems at 12 months. Conclusions Baseline stress, anxiety, and depression were not associated with household income changes for young women with breast cancer. However, lower baseline household income was associated with losing household income. Some young survivors encounter financial and insurance problems in the first year after diagnosis, and further support for these women should be considered. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01647607; date registered: July 23, 2012.

scholarly journals Acculturation and Life Satisfaction Among Immigrant Mexican Adults

10.18060/3758 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio F. Marsiglia ◽  
Jaime M. Booth ◽  
Adrienne Baldwin ◽  
Stephanie Ayers
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Work Practice ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Work Practice ◽  
English Only ◽  
The Impact

The numbers of Mexican Americans living in the United States, many of whom are first generation immigrants, are increasing. The process of immigration and acculturation can be accompanied by stress, as an individual attempts to reconcile two potentially competing sets of norms and values and to navigate a new social terrain. However, the outcomes of studies investigating the relationship between levels of acculturation and well-being are mixed. To further investigate the dynamic of acculturation, this article will address the impact of acculturation and familismo, on reported life satisfaction and resilience among Mexican American adults living in the Southwest (N=307), the majority (89%) of which are immigrants. The findings indicate that bilingual individuals report significantly higher levels of life satisfaction and resilience than their Spanish-speaking counterparts do. Speaking primarily English only predicted higher levels of resilience but not life satisfaction. Implications for social work practice with Mexican American immigrants are discussed.

Women and Reproduction in the United States during the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon K. Withycombe
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Working Class Women ◽  
The 19Th Century

Throughout the 19th century, American women experienced vast changes regarding possibilities for childbirth and for enhancing or restricting fertility control. At the beginning of the century, issues involving reproduction were discussed primarily in domestic, private settings among women’s networks that included family members, neighbors, or midwives. In the face of massive social and economic changes due to industrialization, urbanization, and immigration, many working-class women became separated from these traditional networks and knowledge and found themselves reliant upon emerging medical systems for care and advice during pregnancy and childbirth. At the same time, upper-class women sought out men in the emerging profession of obstetrics to deliver their babies in hopes of beating the frightening odds against maternal and infant health and even survival. Nineteenth-century reproduction was altered drastically with the printing and commercial boom of the middle of the century. Families could now access contraception and abortion methods and information, which was available earlier in the century albeit in a more private and limited manner, through newspapers, popular books, stores, and from door-to-door salesmen. As fertility control entered these public spaces, many policy makers became concerned about the impacts of such practices on the character and future of the nation. By the 1880s, contraception and abortion came under legal restrictions, just as women and their partners gained access to safer and more effective products than ever before. When the 19th century closed, legislatures and the medical profession raised obstacles that hindered the ability of most women to limit the size of their families as the national fertility rate reached an all-time low. Clearly, American families eagerly seized opportunities to exercise control over their reproductive destinies and their lives.

scholarly journals Constructing a white mask through English: the misrecognized self in Orientalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (271) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Jinhyun Cho
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Identity ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Inferiority Complex ◽  
Language Boundaries ◽  
19Th Century America ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Abstract By examining relationships between language and race within Bourdieu's theoretical concept of “misrecognition”, this article highlights distinctive ways in which the mental structure of a minority individual becomes Orientalized in relation to a racialized identity construction. Specifically, it examines how English becomes misrecognized as the key to a desired white identity in the case of one prominent Korean intellectual of the 19th century, Yun Chi-Ho (1864–1945). To this end, this article analyses the English diaries written by Yun, which began during his sojourn in the United States (1888–1893). The analysis of the diaries illustrates how Yun subjected himself to an Orientalized gaze in 19th century America, a society marked by racial and language boundaries and how his inferiority complex led him to pursue a white identity with English as a primary tool. While Self-Orientalism is regarded as both a cause and outcome of Asian participation in the construction of the Orient, this article reconceptualizes Self-Orientalism as a process of misrecognition born out of the colonial context of superior-inferior distinction characterized by the boundedness of language and race. The article concludes by broadening out from the case of Yun to illustrate the impact of misrecognition on the continued covert operation of Self-Orientalism in contemporary times.

The Development of Architecture in New Spain, 1500–1810

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Ratto
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
New Spain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
New Order ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

During 1519, Hernán Cortés, on behalf of the Spanish Crown, initiated the process of territorial conquest and cultural colonization of a vast area that would come to be known for the three centuries following as New Spain. Mexico City, built on the ruins of Tenochtitlán—former capital of the Mexica Empire—became, from 1521, the political, administrative, economic, and cultural center of an ever expanding territory that, by the outbreak of the pro-independence movement in 1810, ran from Costa Rica to the south of the United States. During this long and complex process of imposition and adaptation, of destruction and construction, both architecture and urban planning played strategic roles. Beyond their primary function, cities and buildings represented instruments of territorial domination and became material expressions of the new culture. Through architecture, fundamental aspects of the social and economic order were implanted; with them, religious practices were arranged and artistic expressions channeled. Thus, for three centuries, architecture and urban planning transformed the natural and cultural space according to a new order. Taking into consideration that the Crown, from the outset, decreed that Spaniards should establish themselves in permanent settlements and that Indians should be incorporated into the European productive system and be subjected to the ways of Christian life, then the importance of understanding the development of viceregal architecture, both in its formal characteristics and in its functions and meanings, is clearly made manifest. Viceregal architecture was dodged once the aesthetic ideals of Neoclassicism started spreading and was considered, after independence, the material expression of Spanish dominance; thus, it remained excluded from every historical and artistic consideration until the end of the 19th century, when different factors contributed to a new appreciation. Romanticism—filled with nationalistic ideals and a fascination with the picturesque—together with the impact of the Arts and Crafts movement, fostered interest in local culture expressions. Added to that, the first forms of a national history started integrating the New Spanish past as part of its national identity, not without conflict. Ever since, New Spanish architecture has been studied in Mexican, American, and Spanish academic circles; to a lesser extent, by European and South American academics as well. Consequently, for the last 130 years, it has largely been defined through diverse historical interpretations, resulting from the crossing of different methods and perspectives. The English version of this article was compiled with assistance from Amanda Zamuner.

Immigrants’ Confidence in the Police: An Examination of Generational and Ethnic Differences in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-174
Author(s):  
Sungil Han ◽  
Ha-Neul Yim ◽  
Richard Hernandez ◽  
Jon Maskály
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
World Value Survey ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
The Impact

As the number of immigrants in the United States grows, the importance of their confidence in the police cannot be understated. This article simultaneously examines the impact of both generational and ethnic differences among immigrants on their confidence in the police. Using a sample of U.S. residents from the World Value Survey (Wave 6, N = 2,232), the results suggest that first-generation immigrants have less confidence in the police than both nonimmigrants and second-generation immigrants. The results also suggest a generational and ethnic effect with second-generation immigrants of Hispanic/Latino origin reporting a lower level of confidence in the police than other ethnic immigrant groups. The importance of these findings is discussed in light of both scholarly and policy implications.

scholarly journals Comparison of heavy episodic drinking patterns between Korean and Chinese immigrants

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle E. Ruderman ◽  
John D. Clapp ◽  
C. Richard Hofstetter ◽  
Veronica Irvin ◽  
Sunny Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Asian American ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Korean Immigrants ◽  
Heavy Episodic Drinking ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Drinking Behaviors ◽  
The Impact

Ruderman, D., Clapp, J., Hofstetter, C., Irvin, V., Kang, S., & Hovell, M. (2016). Comparison of heavy episodic drinking patterns between Korean and Chinese immigrants. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(2), 65-71. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i2.220Objective: Drinking-related problems are increasing among Asian immigrants despite the popular perceptions of a “model minority.” Sociocultural factors may relate to differing drinking patterns among subsets of Asian American populations. This study explores the relationship between nationality and alcohol consumption among Chinese and Korean Americans, specifically in regards to acculturation and social networks.Method: First-generation Chinese and Korean immigrants residing in the greater Los Angeles area were recruited (N= 2715). Structured interviews were conducted over the phone and by professional bilingual interviewers in the language of participant preference.Results: Although subsamples were demographically similar, Chinese immigrants were less likely to report heavy episodic drinking (HED) than Korean immigrants. Participants in each group with social networks composed of drinkers or problem drinkers and those that encouraged drinking were more likely to report HED themselves.Conclusions: Alcohol consumption and its dynamics are impacted by peer networks among first-generation Chinese and Koreans residing in the United States. While drinking behaviors differ for Chinese and Korean immigrants, the impact of peer’s drinking behaviors on one’s own drinking is paramount. This result has important implications for interventions and the need for further research focusing on the impact of peer interactions and alcohol use among this population.

The Synthetic Proposition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nizan Shaked
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Language Writing ◽  
Lorna Simpson ◽  
Reciprocal Influences ◽  
The Impact

The synthetic proposition: Conceptualism and the political referent in contemporary art examines the impact of Civil Rights, Black Power, the student, feminist and the sexual-liberty movements on conceptualism and its legacies in the United States between the late 1960s and the present. It focuses on the turn to political reference in practices originally concerned with philosophically abstract ideas, and traces key strategies in contemporary art today to the reciprocal influences of conceptualism and identity politics, movements that have so far been historicized as mutually exclusive. It demonstrates that while identity-based strategies were particular, their impact spread far beyond the individuals or communities that originated them. Commencing with the early oeuvre of Adrian Piper, a first generation Conceptual artist, this book offers a study of interlocutors that expanded the practice into a broad notion of conceptualism, including Joseph Kosuth, David Hammons, Renée Green, Mary Kelly, Martha Rosler, Silvia Kolbowski, Daniel Joseph Martinez, Lorna Simpson, Hans Haacke, Andrea Fraser, and Charles Gaines. By turning to social issues, these artists analyzed the cultural conventions embedded in modes of reference and representation such as language, writing, photography, moving image, or installation and exhibition display.

scholarly journals Dr. Dimitrije Radulovic, pioneer in the field of sports medicine - life, work, and achievements

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 248-255
Author(s):  
Nena Vasojevic ◽  
Snezana Kirin ◽  
Mirko Filipovic ◽  
Predrag Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Life Work ◽  
Improve Health

In the historiography of Serbian medicine, there is little data on the life and work of Dr. Dimitrije Radulovic. He belonged to the first generation of Serbian doctors of the 19th century. He was born in 1814, in Bela Crkva, completed his studies of medicine in Pest, where he received his title Doctor of Medicine. After Pest, he went to Vienna, where he specialized in obstetrics. Among Serbs, he was the author of the first work in the field which we today call sports medicine. With this work, as well as with his later work, he established important foundations of sports medicine among the Serbian people. He was the first to write about the importance of physical exercise and the impact of different sports on the physical development of children, adolescents, and adults, thus contributing to the definition of optimal physical activity and hygienic-dietary regimes. His goal was to preserve and improve health, i.e. to improve the prevention and curative of various diseases and injuries, as well as the rehabilitation of patients.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Flexner Report on Sectarian Medical Schools

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Clark
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Alternative Medicine ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flexner Report ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Alternative medicine was a common form of medical practice in the 19th century. Yet, by the mid-20th century, homeopathic and eclectic medical schools became nearly nonexistent. Many historians point to Abraham Flexner’s report Medical Education in the United States and Canada Bulletin Number Four, commonly referred to as the Flexner Report, as a key reason for the decline of homeopathic and eclectic medical schools. In his report, Flexner blatantly criticizes sectarian medical philosophy and discredits nearly all homeopathic and eclectic medical school. Although numerous historians have investigated how the Flexner report initiated governmental reforms of medical education which thereby contributed to the dissolution of numerous homeopathic and eclectic medical schools, the impact of the Flexner Report on the public perception of alternative medicine has been largely neglected.             This study examines newspaper articles published during that period and the records of alternative medical schools to provide insight into how the Flexner Report impacted public perception of alternative medicine and thus contributed to the decline in homeopathic and eclectic medical schools. This study reveals that the media widely portrayed Flexner, and thus the information in his report, as a reliable and unbiased source despite Flexner’s strongly influenced educational philosophy and his close cooperation with the AMA which favoured allopathic medical schools. As financial records of homeopathic and eclectic medical schools reveal, the public’s acceptance of Flexner’s perspective led to a decline in public funding and enrolment at these institutions, thereby leading to the closure of numerous homeopathic and eclectic medical schools. However, since many of these institutions were suffering financially prior to 1910, the impact of the Flexner Report should not be over-stressed. Therefore, taking into consideration the historical context, the Flexner Report played a key role in hastening the pre-existing decline in homeopathic and eclectic medical schools.

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