scholarly journals La gestión de las aguas subterráneas en el acuífero Mancha Occidental

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Iglesias Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Management ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Environmental Externalities ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Water Banking ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Groundwater Reserves

This research focuses on the particular problem that emerges in overexploited aquifers when environmental externalities are present. This is the case of Mancha Occidental where environmental externalities derive from the interrelation of groundwater reserves and the preservation of Tablas de Daimiel wetlands. Several mathematical programming models are developed to evaluate alternative groundwater management policies aimed to assure the preservation of the wetlands. The results permit to argue that the Gisser-Sánchez rule, which states that gains derived from optimal management in groundwater are not significant, may be questionable. Moreover, the results show that differences in groundwater management policies are strongly determinant. In the first place, it has to be emphasized that a fix quota system could result in significant inefficiencies, both from the agricultural sector perspective and from the environmental perspective. Secondly, a payment system implemented to compensate the application of water quotas might cause undesired long term effects, as its relative compensation value will diminish as the aquifer’s recovery level increases. Finally, the results show that a water banking system may contribute to reconcile farmers´ interest and the preservation of the wetlands.

scholarly journals Sustainable Knowledge Investment Increases Employment and GDP in the Spanish Agricultural Sector More Than Other Investments

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3127
Author(s):  
Carolina Cosculluela-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
First Year ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Processing Techniques

Investment in every type of asset increases GDP and net employment differently. This paper compares the effect produced by a permanent unitary shock in Sustainable Knowledge for the Primary Sector (SKPS) on the Spanish employment and GDP growth with the effect produced by the other fourteen capital stock types. The methodology used is a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), where the complementary capital can affect SKPS instantaneously. The results suggest that SKPS produces the second-highest, short and long-term effects on both labor and production, per Euro invested; moreover, the investment of 4.3 thousand euros is retrieved in the first year and increases net employment in one person after four years. Accordingly, the 5 million Euro Budget to invest in sustainable machinery and processing techniques increases net employment by 827 employees.

Social Justice through Inclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca R. Jensenius
Keyword(s):  
Political Elite ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Combining Evidence ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
Archival Work ◽  
Depth Interviews

India has one of the most extensive quota systems in the world: the reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes (SCs, the former “untouchables”) in the country’s legislative assemblies. Combining evidence from quantitative datasets from the period 1969–2012, archival work, and in-depth interviews with politicians, civil servants, and voters across India, this book explores the long-term effects these quotas have had for the political elite and for the general population. It finds that the quotas have played an important role in reducing caste-based discrimination, particularly at the elite level. Contrary to what one might expect, this is not because the quota system has led to more group representation—SC politicians working specifically for SC interests—but because it has created and empowered a new SC elite who have gradually become integrated into mainstream politics. The findings and discussions have broader implications beyond the case of India. Policies such as quotas are often implemented with the explicit goal of changing society and are supported with arguments that assume various positive, long-term consequences. The nuanced discussions in this book shed light on how the quotas for SCs have shaped the incentives for politicians, parties, and voters, noting the trade-offs inherent in how such policies of group inclusion are designed.

scholarly journals Crop Production, Livestock Production and Economic Growth in Botswana (1990-2017): An Application of ARDL Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1500-1508
Author(s):  
Mufaro Andrew Matandare ◽  
Patricia Masego Makepe ◽  
Lekgatlhamang Setlhare ◽  
Jonah Bajaki Tlhalefang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bounds Testing ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Testing Approach

There are few studies in Botswana which have examined the relationship between agriculture and economic growth. The uniqueness of this study is grounded in investigating disintegrated agriculture components into crop production and livestock production and investigating their nexus with economic growth. This study estimated the short and long term effects between crop production, livestock production and economic growth in Botswana for the period 1990 to 2017. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) bounds testing approach was employed to investigate the stated relationship. Study findings from the ARDL bound testing approach confirm evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between crop production, livestock production and economic growth. Results indicated that livestock production has a positive and significant impact on economic growth both in the short run and long run. On the other hand crop production has a positive and significant impact on economic growth only in the long run. Efforts towards supporting agricultural sector growth should be emphasized to promote agricultural sector productivity in a bid to forge a move away from dependence on imports of food in Botswana. To enhance economic growth, in both the short run and long run, the government of Botswana and all relevant stakeholders should invest in and promote livestock production. In the long term, policies that foster crop production are essential for economic growth.

Agriculture is a panacea in all emergencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Govinda Rizal ◽  
Shanta Karki ◽  
Kishor Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Quality Production ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Agriculture is a panacea during all emergencies except the emergencies in agriculture itself. The recent novel coronavirus that caused COVID-19 pandemic has once again rejuvenated this realization. In Nepal, where the agrarian economy is still predominant, the effect of the pandemic differs from that of industrialized and developed countries where commercial agriculture is in practice. The fear of the outbreak of COVID-19, lockdown for its prevention, and diversion of state resources to health and other welfare sector have both direct, and indirect as well as short-term, mid-term, and long-term effects on the agriculture sector. Until now there is no complete assessment of the loss caused by the lockdown in the agriculture sector. Therefore, this study was conducted to collect representative data and information regarding the loss caused at different stages of various agricultural commodities. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire survey from 60 respondents and analyzed using MS-Excel. The findings show that the harvest and supply chain of perishable vegetables, fruits, fish, poultry, dairy, and cut-flower sectors were the worst hit during the lockdown in Nepal. Many city-dwellers returned to villages during lockdown time that coincided with rice cultivation season. The rice harvests later in the year is expected to be high and enough for the country. However, the challenges are the timely availability of inputs, uncertainties of weather, limitation of storages, and disturbances in the internal distribution system. These challenges should be converted into an opportunity to develop the overall agricultural sector through utilization of the currently available surplus human resource for increase in quality production, establishing agri-processing industries, smoothening of the marketing and distribution channels.

Applications and Sustainability in Groundwater Abstraction in Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Intan Sazrina Saimy ◽  
Fauziah Raji
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
State Level ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Groundwater Governance ◽  
Short And Long Term

Most major cities in Malaysia face problems of clean and safe water supply. The blame is on the population boom, industrialisation, pollution plus climate change. It becomes more complicated with uncontrolled usage, public’s ignorance and ineffective water management. These problems have led to higher dependencies towards alternative usage of groundwater to serve the needs of public, agricultural sector and the industries. Groundwater usage must be abstracted sustainably to avoid short and long term effects. This exploratory qualitative study analyses several aspects: (a) existing documents on Malaysian water management (b) documents on Malaysian groundwater governance; (c) applications and enforcements of groundwater governance in states. The analyses are essential in recognising and providing appropriate and effective groundwater governance towards higher consumption in the country especially in industrial sector. Early finding reveals the current groundwater governance lack good management and there are legal vacuums. This paper promotes appropriate groundwater governance and management of policies and strategies at both federal and state level, relevant agencies, stakeholders and local communities in ensuring sustainable groundwater resources usage in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of hedgerow management policies on resource provision for wildlife

2012 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna T. Staley ◽  
Tim H. Sparks ◽  
Philip J. Croxton ◽  
Katherine C.R. Baldock ◽  
Matthew S. Heard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Management Policies

Spatial Groundwater Management: A Dynamic Game Framework and Application to California

2019 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 1850019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Sears ◽  
David Lim ◽  
C.-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Management ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Game ◽  
Adjustment Costs ◽  
Spatial Externalities ◽  
Markov Perfect ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Input Prices

The design of policies and institutions to promote the sustainable management of groundwater resources for use in agriculture is both a long-term and short-term challenge in California and globally. When designing groundwater management policies, it is important to account for spatial externalities that may lead groundwater users to behave non-cooperatively. Spatial externalities arise because groundwater users face a common pool resource problem: because farmers are sharing the aquifer with other farmers, other farmers’ pumping affects their extraction cost and the amount of water they have available to pump. In this paper, we present a dynamic game framework for analyzing spatial groundwater management. In particular, we characterize the Markov perfect equilibrium resulting from non-cooperative behavior, and compare it with the socially optimal coordinated solution. In order to analyze the benefits from internalizing spatial externalities in California, we calibrate our dynamic game framework to California, and conduct a numerical analysis to calculate the deadweight loss arising from non-cooperative behavior. Results show that the inefficiencies arising from spatial externalities are driven by higher returns on crops, electricity input prices, whether the crop is an annual crop versus a perennial, the level of the groundwater stock, the climate of the region, and the adjustment costs of fallowing production. We find that the benefits from coordinated management in California are particularly high when crop prices are high.

Fintech Entry, Firm Financial Inclusion, and Macroeconomic Dynamics in Emerging Economies

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Finkelstein-Shapiro ◽  
Federico S. Mandelman ◽  
Victoria Nuguer
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Output Volatility ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Macroeconomic Dynamics

Financial inclusion is strikingly low in emerging economies. In only a few years, financial technologies (fintech) have led to a dramatic expansion in the number of non-traditional credit intermediaries, but the macroeconomic and credit-market implications of this rapid growth of fintech are not known. We build a model with a traditional banking system and endogenous fintech intermediary creation and find that greater fintech entry delivers positive long-term effects on aggregate output and consumption. However, greater entry bolsters aggregate firm financial inclusion only if it stems from lower barriers to accessing fintech credit by smaller, unbanked firms. Decreasing entry costs for fintech intermediaries alone has only marginal effects in the aggregate. While firms that adopt fintech credit are less sensitive to domestic financial shocks and contribute to a reduction in output volatility, greater fintech entry also leads to greater volatility in bank credit, thereby introducing a tradeoff between output volatility and credit-market volatility.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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