scholarly journals Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-472
Author(s):  
Yizhou Jiang ◽  
Limor Rubin ◽  
Tangming Peng ◽  
Linlin Liu ◽  
Xingan Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Diagnosis And Therapy

scholarly journals Role of Alternative Splicing in Regulating Host Response to Viral Infection

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1720
Author(s):  
Kuo-Chieh Liao ◽  
Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Type I ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Host Virus Interactions

The importance of transcriptional regulation of host genes in innate immunity against viral infection has been widely recognized. More recently, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have gained appreciation as an additional and important layer of regulation to fine-tune host immune responses. Here, we review the functional significance of alternative splicing in innate immune responses to viral infection. We describe how several central components of the Type I and III interferon pathways encode spliced isoforms to regulate IFN activation and function. Additionally, the functional roles of splicing factors and modulators in antiviral immunity are discussed. Lastly, we discuss how cell death pathways are regulated by alternative splicing as well as the potential role of this regulation on host immunity and viral infection. Altogether, these studies highlight the importance of RNA splicing in regulating host–virus interactions and suggest a role in downregulating antiviral innate immunity; this may be critical to prevent pathological inflammation.

COVID-19 and nutritional deficiency: a review of existing knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Meghana Muthuvattur Pallath ◽  
Ashok Kumar Ahirwar ◽  
Satyendra Chandra Tripathi ◽  
Priyanka Asia ◽  
Apurva Sakarde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Antibody Affinity ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Underlying Diseases ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Abstract COVID-19 has resulted in an ongoing global pandemic, which spread largely among people who have had close contact with the infected person. The immunopathology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus includes the production of an excess amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines “a cytokine-storm”. The respiratory system (main), cardiovascular system and the gastrointestinal tract are the most affected body systems during viral infection. It has been found that most of the patients who require admission to hospital are elderly or have chronic underlying diseases. Higher cases of malnutrition and co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases are reported in elderly patients due to which, the immune system weakens and hence, the response to the virus is diminished in magnitude. A deficiency of micronutrients results in impaired immune responses leading to improper secretion of cytokines, alterations in secretory antibody response and antibody affinity which increases susceptibility to viral infection. The deficiency of various micronutrients in COVID-19 patient can be treated by appropriate nutritional supplements, prescribed after evaluating the patients’ nutritional status. Here we aim to highlight the role of a few particular nutrients namely Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Omega-3 fatty acids, Zinc and Magnesium along with the synergistic roles they play in enhancing immunity and thus, maintaining homeostasis.

scholarly journals Impaired immune responses following spinal cord injury lead to reduced ability to control viral infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 226 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine S. Held ◽  
Oswald Steward ◽  
Caroline Blanc ◽  
Thomas E. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Cord Injury

Immune Responses to Viral Infection

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eung-Soo Hwang ◽  
Chung-Gyu Park ◽  
Chang-Yong Cha
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection

scholarly journals Mast Cell Responses to Viruses and Pathogen Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean S. Marshall ◽  
Liliana Portales-Cervantes ◽  
Edwin Leong
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Local Source ◽  
Type I ◽  
Viral Challenge ◽  
Cell Responses

Mast cells are well accepted as important sentinel cells for host defence against selected pathogens. Their location at mucosal surfaces and ability to mobilize multiple aspects of early immune responses makes them critical contributors to effective immunity in several experimental settings. However, the interactions of mast cells with viruses and pathogen products are complex and can have both detrimental and positive impacts. There is substantial evidence for mast cell mobilization and activation of effector cells and mobilization of dendritic cells following viral challenge. These cells are a major and under-appreciated local source of type I and III interferons following viral challenge. However, mast cells have also been implicated in inappropriate inflammatory responses, long term fibrosis, and vascular leakage associated with viral infections. Progress in combating infection and boosting effective immunity requires a better understanding of mast cell responses to viral infection and the pathogen products and receptors we can employ to modify such responses. In this review, we outline some of the key known responses of mast cells to viral infection and their major responses to pathogen products. We have placed an emphasis on data obtained from human mast cells and aim to provide a framework for considering the complex interactions between mast cells and pathogens with a view to exploiting this knowledge therapeutically. Long-lived resident mast cells and their responses to viruses and pathogen products provide excellent opportunities to modify local immune responses that remain to be fully exploited in cancer immunotherapy, vaccination, and treatment of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Cannabidiol Modulates Cytokine Storm in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by Simulated Viral Infection Using Synthetic RNA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesam Khodadadi ◽  
Évila Lopes Salles ◽  
Abbas Jarrahi ◽  
Fairouz Chibane ◽  
Vincenzo Costigliola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Cytokine Storm

Immune Responses to Viral Infection

2016 ◽  
pp. 321-350
Author(s):  
Hendrik Streeck ◽  
Todd J. Suscovich ◽  
Galit Alter
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection

scholarly journals Immunotherapeutic Blockade of CD47 Inhibitory Signaling Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Viral Infection

Cell Reports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 107494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamin B. Cham ◽  
Laughing Bear Torrez Dulgeroff ◽  
Michal Caspi Tal ◽  
Tom Adomati ◽  
Fanghui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inhibitory Signaling

scholarly journals NKT cell immune responses to viral infection

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlowe S Tessmer ◽  
Ayesha Fatima ◽  
Christophe Paget ◽  
Francois Trottein ◽  
Laurent Brossay
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Nkt Cell

scholarly journals Platelet Function in Viral Immunity and SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afaf Allaoui ◽  
Akif A. Khawaja ◽  
Oussama Badad ◽  
Mariam Naciri ◽  
Marie Lordkipanidzé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Viral Immunity ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Activated Platelets ◽  
Viral Receptors

AbstractPlatelets, as nonnucleated blood components, are classically recognized for their pivotal role in hemostasis. In recent years, however, accumulating evidence points to a nonhemostatic role for platelets, as active participants in the inflammatory and immune responses to microbial organisms in infectious diseases. This stems from the ability of activated platelets to secrete a plethora of immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as directly interplaying with viral receptors. While much attention has been given to the role of the cytokine storm in the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), less is known about the contribution of platelets to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, we give a brief overview on the platelet contribution to antiviral immunity and response during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document