scholarly journals Determination of copolymer composition by combustion analysis for carbon and hydrogen

1960 ◽  
Vol 64A (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Wood ◽  
Irving Madorsky ◽  
Rolf A. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Combustion Analysis

Determination of Copolymer Composition by Combustion Analysis for Carbon and Hydrogen

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 1132-1141
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Wood ◽  
Irving Madorsky ◽  
Rolf A. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Present Method ◽  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Combustion Analysis ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Styrene Content ◽  
The One ◽  
Relative Measurements

Abstract The procedure described attains its accuracy and precision by the refinement and improvement of conventional simple operations over a periods of years. The trend in analysis recently is, of course, toward the use of rapid physical methods. In a great many instances these involve relative measurements requiring the initial establishment of reference materials with compositions determined by methods such as the one here described, which bases the numbers derived solely on readings of an analytical balance. In fact, as already mentioned, one of the principal applications of the present method has been in the establishment of the relation between refractive index and styrene content for SBR polymers so that refractive index measurements can be used in routine determinations of bound styrene content.

Optimization of Electrode Arrangement and Prechamber Geometry of Passive Prechamber Spark Plugs for Turbocharged Gas Engines With High Charge Motion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Mairegger ◽  
Rüdiger Herdin ◽  
Lucas Konstantinoff ◽  
Lukas Möltner
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Charge Motion ◽  
Combustion Analysis ◽  
Combustion Chambers ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Electrode Arrangement ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Brake Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emissions

Turbocharged gas engines for combined heat and power units are optimized to increase efficiency while observing and maintaining legitimate exhaust gas emissions. In order to do so, the charge motion is raised. This study investigates the influence of passive prechamber spark plugs in high turbulent combustion chambers. The subjects of investigation are two different gas engine types, one of them running on sewage gas the other one on biogas. The occurring charge motions initiated by the cylinder heads are measured by integrative determination of swirl motion on a flow bench. In addition, three different passive prechamber spark plugs are characterized by a combustion analysis. Each of the three spark plugs comes with a different electrode or prechamber geometry. The resulting combustion and operating conditions are compared while the equal brake mean effective pressure and constant NOx-emissions are sustained. The results of the combustion analysis show a rising influence of the spark plug with increasing air-to-fuel-ratio induced by charge motion. Furthermore, clear differences between the spark plugs are determined: electrode arrangement and prechamber geometry help to influence lean misfire limits, engine smoothness, start behavior and ignition delay. The results indicate the capability of spark plugs to increase lifetime and engine efficiency.

Real-time monitoring of ethene/1-hexene copolymerizations: determination of catalyst activity, copolymer composition and copolymerization parameters

Polymer ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 44 (20) ◽  
pp. 6179-6186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Kappler ◽  
Arno Tuchbreiter ◽  
Daniel Faller ◽  
Peter Liebetraut ◽  
Werner Horbelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Real Time Monitoring

Refractometric Determination of Second-Order Transition Temperatures in Polymers. IV. Butadiene-Acrylo-Nitrile Copolymers

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wiley ◽  
G. M. Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Transition ◽  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Second Order Transition ◽  
Refractometric Determination ◽  
Acrylonitrile Copolymers

Abstract A previous study of the low-temperature properties of a series of vulcanized butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers indicated an approximately linear relation between composition and brittle temperature. This study provides information relating low-temperature properties to copolymer composition for a series of industrially available butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers of varying acrylonitrile content. The refractometric technique for determining second-order transition temperatures (Tm) as previously described was used to determine Tm.

scholarly journals A Short-Cut Data Mining Method for the Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Block Copolymers

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Ákos Kuki ◽  
Gergő Róth ◽  
Anna Nagy ◽  
Miklós Zsuga ◽  
Sándor Kéki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Data Mining Approach ◽  
Cut Method

A new data mining approach as a short cut method is given for the determination of the copolymer composition from mass spectra. Our method simplifies the copolymer mass spectra by reduction of the number of mass peaks. The proposed procedure, namely the selection of the mass peaks, which is based on the most abundant peak of the mass spectrum, can be performed manually or more efficiently using our recently invented Mass-remainder analysis (MARA). The considerable reduction of the MS spectra also simplifies the calculation of the copolymer quantities for instance the number- and weight-average molecular weights (Mn and Mw, respectively), polydispersity index (Đ = Mw/Mn), average molar fraction (cA) and weight fraction (wA) of the comonomer A and so on. These copolymer properties are in line with those calculated by a reference method taking into account all the mass peaks of the copolymer distribution. We also suggest a highly efficient method and template for the determination of the composition drift by processing the reduced mass spectra.

Percipitation copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid: Determination of reactivity ratio by various methods

e-Polymers ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sedigheh Nazaripour ◽  
Mehdi Rafizadeh ◽  
Hosein Bouhendi
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Reactivity Ratio ◽  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Reactivity Ratios ◽  
Nonlinear Method ◽  
Monomer Reactivity Ratios ◽  
Polymerization Method ◽  
Acid Determination

AbstractCopolymers of acrylamide ( AM ) and acrylic acid ( AA) were prepared by precipitation polymerization method at 65 °C in the ethyl acetate as solvent. Copolymer composition was determined by elemental analysis. Monomer reactivity ratios were determined in low conversions. Mayo-Lewis, Finemann-Ross, Inverted Finemann-Ross, Ezrielev-Brokhina-Roskin, Kelen-Tudos, Extended Kelen-Tudos and Mao-Huglin methods, as linear methods, and Tidwell-Mortimer, as nonlinear method, were applied to calculate rAM and rAA r reactivity ratios. Monomer reactivity ratios of AM and AA were obtained 0.46 and 0.28, respectively. Comparing of reactivity ratios of AM and AA in this work by other solvents showed that hydrogen bonding and ionic strength are important parameters that can affect the reactivity ratios of monomers. Moreover, microstructure of copolymers was determined using reactivity ratios and conditional probability based on the kinetic model for free-radical polymerization.

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