scholarly journals Physiological and mechanical loads in Portuguese sub-elite football refereeing – a preliminary study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-223
Author(s):  
Ricardo Rebelo-Gonçalves ◽  
Hélder Pardal ◽  
Luís Coelho ◽  
Raúl Antunes ◽  
Nuno Amaro
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Activity Profile ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Football Match ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Impulse Load ◽  
Preliminary Study

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la variación de la carga fisiológica y mecánica en un equipo arbitral de sub-élite, considerando las diferentes partes del partido y su rol (árbitro de campo vs árbitro asistente). Un árbitro de campo (32.57 años) y dos árbitros asistentes (31.05 años) fueron monitoreados durante cuatro juegos del Campeonato de Portugal a lo largo de la temporada 2018-2019 (categoría de edad senior, o adulto), utilizando ZephyrTM BioHarness. Se consideraron para el análisis las siguientes variables: temperatura cutánea, frecuencia respiratoria, frecuencia cardíaca (FC), porcentaje de frecuencia cardíaca máximo (%FCmáx), postura, actividad y pico de aceleración (ACpico). También se calculó la carga de impulso, expresada en N ∙ s. No se observaron diferencias fisiológicas y mecánicas según la parte del juego, considerando a todos los miembros del equipo arbitral. Se verificaron diferencias significativas entre los árbitros de campo y los árbitros asistentes en la primera y segunda parte y para el total de partido: en promedio, el árbitro de campo mostró valores superiores para temperatura cutánea (p = 0.016; r = -0.759), FC (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), %FCmáx (p = 0.017; r = -0,757), actividad (p = 0,017; r = -0,757) y ACpico (p = 0,017; r = -0,757). Curiosamente, no se encontraron diferencias para la carga de impulso entre el árbitro de campo y los árbitros asistentes. El perfil de actividad del árbitro de fútbol es fisiológica y mecánicamente exigente, incluso en un nivel de sub-élite. Las diferencias entre el árbitro de campo y los asistentes deben ser consideradas nel dibujo de programas de entrenamiento de preparación y acondicionamiento de árbitros para hacer frente a las demandas físicas de un partido de fútbol. This study aimed to examine the variation in physiological and mechanical load in a sub-elite refereeing team, considering the different parts of the match and their role (field referee vs assistant referees). One field referee (32.57 years) and two assistant referees (31.05 years) were monitored during 4 matches of the Portuguese Championship throughout the 2018-2019 season (senior age category, or adult), using the ZephyrTM BioHarness. The following variables were considered for analysis: skin temperature, respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), percentage of maximum heart rate (%HRmax), posture, activity, and peak acceleration (ACCpeak). The impulse load, expressed as , was also calculated. No physiological and mechanical differences were observed according to match half, considering the refereeing team members. Significant differences were verified between field referee and assistant referees in the 1st half and the 2nd half and for total match-play: on average, the field referee had higher values for skin temperature (p = 0.016; r = -0.759), HR (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), %HRmax (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), activity (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), and ACCpeak (p = 0.017; r = -0.757). Curiously, no differences were found for impulse load between the field referee and the assistant referees. The football referee’s activity profile is both physiologically and mechanically demanding, even at a sub-elite level. Differences between field referee and assistants must be considered in refereeing fitness and conditioning training programs to cope with physical demands of a football match. Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a variação da carga fisiológica e mecânica numa equipa de arbitragem sub-elite, considerando as diferentes partes da partida e o seu papel (árbitro de campo vs árbitro assistente). Um árbitro de campo (32.57 anos) e dois árbitros assistentes (31.05 anos) foram monitorizados durante quatro jogos do Campeonato de Portugal ao longo da época 2018-2019 (escalão etário sénior, ou adulto), utilizando o ZephyrTM BioHarness. As seguintes variáveis foram consideradas para análise: temperatura cutânea, frequência respiratória (FR), frequência cardíaca (FC), percentagem da frequência cardíaca máxima (%FCmáx), postura, atividade e pico de aceleração (ACpico). A carga de impulso, expressa em N ∙ s, também foi calculada. Não foram observadas diferenças fisiológicas e mecânicas de acordo com a parte do jogo, considerando todos os membros da equipa de arbitragem. Diferenças significativas foram verificadas entre o árbitro de campo e os árbitros assistentes na 1ª e na 2ª parte e para o total do jogo: em média, o árbitro de campo apresentou valores superiores para a temperatura cutânea (p = 0.016; r = -0.759), FC (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), %FCmáx (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), atividade (p = 0.017; r = -0.757) e ACpico (p = 0.017; r = -0.757). Curiosamente, não foram encontradas diferenças para a carga de impulso entre o árbitro de campo e os árbitros assistentes. O perfil de atividade do árbitro de futebol é fisiológica e mecanicamente exigente, mesmo a um nível de sub-elite. As diferenças entre o árbitro de campo e os assistentes devem ser consideradas na preparação da arbitragem e nos programas de treino e condição física para melhor lidar com as exigências físicas de um jogo de futebol.

scholarly journals The Demands of a Women’s College Soccer Season

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Gentles ◽  
Christine Coniglio ◽  
Matthew Besemer ◽  
Joshua Morgan ◽  
Michael Mahnken
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Acceleration Data ◽  
Axial Acceleration ◽  
Impulse Load ◽  
Division Ii ◽  
Women's Soccer

The purpose of this study was to use GPS, accelerometers, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) to examine the demands of a Division II women’s soccer team. Data was collected on 25 collegiate Division II women’s soccer players over an entire regular season (17 matches and 24 practices). ZephyrTM BioHarnesses (BHs) were used to collect tri-axial acceleration information and GPS derived variables for all matches and practices. Acceleration data was used to calculate Impulse Load, a measure of mechanical load that includes only locomotor related accelerations. GPS was used to quantify total distance and distance in six speed zones. Internal Training Loads were assessed via sRPE. Mean Impulse Load, total distance, and sRPE during match play was 20,120 ± 8609 N·s, 5.48 ± 2.35 km, and 892.50 ± 358.50, respectively. Mean Impulse Load, total distance, and sRPE during practice was 12,410 ± 4067 N·s, 2.95 ± 0.95 km, and 143.30 ± 123.50, respectively. Several very large to nearly perfect correlations were found between Impulse Load and total distance (r = 0.95; p < 0.001), Impulse Load and sRPE (r = 0.84; p < 0.001), and total distance and sRPE (r = 0.82; p < 0.001). This study details the mechanical demands of Division II women’s soccer match play. This study also demonstrates that Impulse Load is a good indicator of total distance.

scholarly journals Reproducibility of Skin Temperature Response after Cold Stress Test Using the Game Ready System: Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8295
Author(s):  
Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada ◽  
Alexis Gandia-Soriano ◽  
Maria Teresa Pellicer-Chenoll ◽  
Ignacio Catalá-Vilaplana ◽  
Jose Luis Bermejo-Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Good Reproducibility ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Logarithmic Equation ◽  
Cold Stress Test

The objective of this preliminary study was to determine the reproducibility of lower limbs skin temperature after cold stress test using the Game Ready system. Skin temperature of fourteen participants was measured before and after cold stress test using the Game Ready system and it was repeated the protocol in four times: at 9:00, at 11:00, at 19:00, and at 9:00 h of the posterior day. To assess skin temperature recovery after cold stress test, a logarithmic equation for each region was calculated, and constant (β0) and slope (β1) coefficients were obtained. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error (SE), and within-subject coefficient of variation (CV) were determined. No differences were observed between measurement times in any of the regions for the logarithmic coefficients (p > 0.38). Anterior thigh (β0 ICC 0.33–0.47; β1 ICC 0.31–0.43) and posterior knee (β0 ICC 0.42–0.58; β1 ICC 0.28–0.57) were the regions with the lower ICCs, and the other regions presented values with a fair and good reproducibility (ICC > 0.41). Posterior leg was the region with the better reproducibility (β0 ICC 0.68–0.78; β1 ICC 0.59–0.74; SE 3–4%; within-subject CV 7–12%). In conclusion, cold stress test using Game Ready system showed a fair and good reproducibility, especially when the posterior leg was the region assessed.

scholarly journals Influence of Ball Position on Playing Space in Spanish Elite Women's Football Match-Play

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asier Zubillaga ◽  
Tim J. Gabbett ◽  
Luis Fradua ◽  
Carlos Ruiz-Ruiz ◽  
Óscar Caro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Match Play ◽  
Football Match ◽  
Women's Football

Effect of game format on heart rate, activity profile, and player involvement in elite and recreational youth players

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Randers ◽  
T. B. Andersen ◽  
L. S. Rasmussen ◽  
M. N. Larsen ◽  
P. Krustrup
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Activity Profile ◽  
Game Format

Cardiovascular responses to head-stand posture

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 987-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanker Rao
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Posterior Tibial Artery ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Posterior Tibial

Reports of cardiovascular responses to head-stand posture are lacking in literature. The results of the various responses, respectively, to the supine, erect, and head-stand posture, are as follows: heart rate/min 67, 84, and 69; brachial arterial pressure mm Hg 92, 90, and 108; posterior tibial arterial pressure mm Hg 98, 196, and 10; finger blood flow ml/100 ml min 4.5, 4.4, and 5.2; toe blood flow ml/100 ml min 7.1, 8.1, and 3.4; forehead skin temperature C 34.4, 34.0 and 34.3; dorsum foot skin temperature C 28.6, 28.2, and 28.2. It is inferred that the high-pressure-capacity vessels between the heart level and posterior tibial artery have little nervous control. The high-pressure baroreceptors take active part in postural adjustments of circulation. The blood pressure equating mechanism is not as efficient when vital tissues are pooled with blood as when blood supply to them is reduced. man; heart rate; blood flow; skin temperature Submitted on January 3, 1963

Effects of temperature and wind on facial temperature, heart rate, and sensation

1976 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LeBlanc ◽  
B. Blais ◽  
B. Barabe ◽  
J. Cote
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Reflex Bradycardia ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Cold Wind

Skin temperature measurements of the face have shown that the cheek cools faster than the nose and the nose faster than the forehead. The cooling effect of wind is maximum at wind speeds between 4.5 and 6.7 m/s. Cold winds produce significant bradycardia, which is, however, much more pronounced during the expiratory phase of respiration. A significant correlation was noted between cooling of face and the reflex bradycardia observed. Similarly, a very significant correlation was noted between drop in skin temperature and subjective evaluation of cold discomfort. Consequently, the drop in skin temperature, reflex bradycardia, and subjective evaluation are parameters which are directly affected by cold wind and can be used as adequate indicators of the degree of discomfort. When comparing the present results with the windchill index, it was found that in the zone described as “dangerously cold” the index fits well with the physiological measurements. In the zone described as “bitterly cold,” the index by comparison with actual skin temperature measurements and subjective evaluation underestimates the cooling effects of combined temperature and wind by approximately 10 degrees C.

Quantifying Occupational Stress in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: An Applied Naturalistic Study of Correlations Among Stress, Heart Rate, Electrodermal Activity, and Skin Temperature

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110408
Author(s):  
Nima Ahmadi ◽  
Farzan Sasangohar ◽  
Tariq Nisar ◽  
Valerie Danesh ◽  
Ethan Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
High Level ◽  
Intensive Care Unit Nurses ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Objective To identify physiological correlates to stress in intensive care unit nurses. Background Most research on stress correlates are done in laboratory environments; naturalistic investigation of stress remains a general gap. Method Electrodermal activity, heart rate, and skin temperatures were recorded continuously for 12-hr nursing shifts (23 participants) using a wrist-worn wearable technology (Empatica E4). Results Positive correlations included stress and heart rate (ρ = .35, p < .001), stress and skin temperature (ρ = .49, p < .05), and heart rate and skin temperatures (ρ = .54, p = .0008). Discussion The presence and direction of some correlations found in this study differ from those anticipated from prior literature, illustrating the importance of complementing laboratory research with naturalistic studies. Further work is warranted to recognize nursing activities associated with a high level of stress and the underlying reasons associated with changes in physiological responses. Application Heart rate and skin temperature may be used for real-time detection of stress, but more work is needed to validate such surrogate measures.

scholarly journals The Impact of Central and Peripheral Cyclooxygenase Enzyme Inhibition on Exercise-Induced Elevations in Core Body Temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthijs T.W. Veltmeijer ◽  
Dineke Veeneman ◽  
Coen C.C.W. Bongers ◽  
Mihai G. Netea ◽  
Jos W. van der Meer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Core Body ◽  
The Impact

Purpose:Exercise increases core body temperature (TC) due to metabolic heat production. However, the exercise-induced release of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) may also contribute to the rise in TC by increasing the hypothalamic temperature set point. This study investigated whether the exercise-induced increase in TC is partly caused by an altered hypothalamic temperature set point.Methods:Fifteen healthy, active men age 36 ± 14 y were recruited. Subjects performed submaximal treadmill exercise in 3 randomized test conditions: (1) 400 mg ibuprofen and 1000 mg acetaminophen (IBU/APAP), (2) 1000 mg acetaminophen (APAP), and (3) a control condition (CTRL). Acetaminophen and ibuprofen were used to block the effect of IL-6 at a central and peripheral level, respectively. TC, skin temperature, and heart rate were measured continuously during the submaximal exercise tests.Results:Baseline values of TC, skin temperature, and heart rate did not differ across conditions. Serum IL-6 concentrations increased in all 3 conditions. A significantly lower peak TC was observed in IBU/APAP (38.8°C ± 0.4°C) vs CTRL (39.2°C ± 0.5°C, P = .02) but not in APAP (38.9°C ± 0.4°C) vs CTRL. Similarly, a lower ΔTC was observed in IBU/APAP (1.7°C ± 0.3°C) vs CTRL (2.0°C ± 0.5°C, P < .02) but not in APAP (1.7°C ± 0.5°C) vs CTRL. No differences were observed in skin temperature and heart-rate responses across conditions.Conclusions:The combined administration of acetaminophen and ibuprofen resulted in an attenuated increase in TC during exercise compared with a CTRL. This observation suggests that a prostaglandin-E2-induced elevated hypothalamic temperature set point may contribute to the exercise-induced rise in TC.

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