scholarly journals Estimation Accuracy of Annual Average Value of Atmospheric Concentration by Measurement Cycle and Frequency

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (0) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Chieko NUDEJIMA ◽  
Junya HOSHI ◽  
Mika KATO ◽  
Takashi KAMEYA
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Measurement Cycle ◽  
Average Value

Annual average value of irradiance

Energy ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-425
Author(s):  
Hugo O. Quaranta
Keyword(s):  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Value

scholarly journals Study of Linke Turbidity Factor on Solar Radiation over Jumla

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Prakash M. Shrestha ◽  
Indra B. Karki ◽  
Narayan P. Chapagain ◽  
Khem N. Poudyal
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Spectral Measurements ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
Rain Fall ◽  
Linke Turbidity Factor ◽  
Temperature Water

 Population growth, mechanization, and industrialization are the by product of human civilization and its resultant impacts goes to degrade the natural environment by the affecting of air-pollution and also associated with climatic change. Linke turbidity factor (LT) is an important parameter for assessing the air pollution at Jumla (Lat.:29.28o N, Long.: 82.16o E and Alt. 2300 masl). Because of the unavailability of spectral measurements data , a model has been used to estimate the Linke turbidity factor (TL) from broadband measurement of Global Solar radiation in 2012 .The annual average solar insolation, clearness index (KT) and extinction coefficient (K) are 5.11 ±2.34kWh/m2/day ,0.71 ± 0.12 and 0.25 ± 0.13 respectively. Similarly, the annual average value of Linke turbidity factor (LT) and visibility 1.97± 0.47 and 28.09 ± 21.08 km are found. Finally it is found that there is strong relation between Linke turbidity factor and meteorological parameters i.e. relative humidity, temperature, water content, ozone and rain fall.

scholarly journals Analisis Potensi Ekonomi Sektoral Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan Tahun 2010-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Elvis F. Purba
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Location Quotient ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
Government Administration ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Observation Period

This paper describes the economic potential of each industrial origin Humbang Hasundutan regency period 2010-2018. The analysis is based on: (1) location quotient (LQ), (2) sectoral contribution to GDRP, and (3) sectoral contribution to the regency's economic growth rate. Assuming that there is no a drastic change in the sectoral GDRP value in one or several industrial origin, the annual average value from the observation period is used. Furthermore, to determine the economic potential of each industrial origin based on established quantitative criteria. The results of data analysis indicate that only one industrial origin has high economic potential, namely agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Then there are two industrial origin with moderate potential, i.e.: (1) construction and (2) government administration, defense and campulsory social security. The remaining fourteen other industrial origin have low potential. Over time, it is estimated that there will be changes in the contribution of each industrial origin to GDRP and the rate of regency economic growth. However, agriculture, forestry and fisheries are estimated to still have high potential in the next few decades, especially since Humbang Hasundutan regency has been designated as one of the food estate for Indonesia.

scholarly journals DMS and MSA measurements in the Antarctic boundary layer: impact of BrO on MSA production

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2657-2694 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Read ◽  
A. C. Lewis ◽  
S. Bauguitte ◽  
A. M. Rankin ◽  
R. A. Salmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Antarctic Boundary Layer ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. In situ measurements of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and methane sulphonic acid (MSA) were made at Halley Station, Antarctica (75°35´S, 26°19W) during February 2004–February 2005 as part of the CHABLIS (Chemistry of the Antarctic boundary layer and the interface with snow) project. DMS was present in the atmosphere at Halley all year (average 38.1±43 pptV) with a maximum monthly average value of 113.6±52 pptV in February 2004 coinciding temporally with a minimum in sea extent. Whilst seasonal variability and interannual variability can be attributed to a number of factors, short term variability appeared strongly dependent on air mass origin and trajectory pressure height. The MSA and derived non-sea salt sulphate (nss-SO42−) measurements showed no correlation with those of DMS (regression R2=0.039, and R2=0.001, respectively) in-line with the complexity of DMS fluxes, conflicting oxidation routes, transport of air masses and variable spatial coverage of both sea-ice and phytoplankton. MSA was generally low throughout the year, with an annual average of 42 ng m−3 (9.8±13.2 pptV), however MSA: nss-SO42− ratios were high implying a dominance of the addition oxidation route for DMS. Including BrO measurements into MSA production calculations demonstrated the significance of BrO on DMS oxidation within this region of the atmosphere in austral summer. Assuming an 80% yield of DMSO from the reaction of DMS+BrO, an atmospheric concentration of BrO equal to 3 pptV increased the calculated MSA production from DMS by a factor of 9 above that obtained when considering only reaction with the hydroxyl radical.

scholarly journals The Upper Limiting Primary Rigidity of the Cosmic Ray Solar Anisotropy

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Jacklyn ◽  
JE Humble
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Neutron Monitors ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Value

A method of determining the upper limiting rigidity of the solar diurnal variation of the cosmic ray primaries in free space is described. It involves a comparision of the response to the anisotropy of neutron monitors at sea level and of meson telescopes underground. Making use of the model for the free-space first harmonic proposed by Radio, McCracken, and Venkatesan, the annual average value for the upper limiting rigidity (Ru) in 1958 is estimated to have been 95 GV with an error of estimate of about 10-20 GV. Changes in the observed annual mean daily variation between 1958 and 1962 indicate that Ru may have decreased by about 20-40 GV over this period, but a more refined analysis is needed to confirm this.

scholarly journals Analysis of Aerosol Optical Depth and Angstrom Exponents over an AERONET site at Pokhara, Nepal

BIBECHANA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-127
Author(s):  
Jeevan Regmi ◽  
Khem N Poudyal ◽  
Amod Pokhrel ◽  
Madhu Gyawali ◽  
Anthony Barinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosols ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Post Monsoon Season

The monthly variability of Aerosol Optical Depth at 0.50 μm (AOD0.50) and Ångström exponents (AE) based on spectral AODs over an Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) site Pokhara, are analyzed by using aerosol data of the year 2017. The AOD0.50 are characterized by low average values (0.21± 0.12) in monsoon, and highest values in pre-monsoon (0.67± 0.14) followed by winter (0.46± 0.28) and post-monsoon (0.33±.02) with an overall mean of 0.43 ± 0.02. The average AE obtained by using AODs at 0.44 μm and 0.87 μm is 1.20± 0.04 in pre-monsoon, 1.37± 0.05 in monsoon, 1.41±.01 in post-monsoon, and 1.37± 0.07 in winter with an annual average value of 1.35 ± 0.08. These overall variations of AE indicate that the majority of aerosol loading during the study period was mixture of fine and coarse mode aerosols and the influence of anthropogenic aerosols. The monthly average AOD suggests low aerosol loading in the months of the monsoon season (June to September) than other months of pre-monsoon season (March to May) and post-monsoon season (October and November). BIBECHANA 18 (2021) 118-127

scholarly journals Radon survey in kindergartens and schools of Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
S. V. Muminov ◽  
B. B. Barotov ◽  
M. M. Makhmudova ◽  
F. A. Khamidov ◽  
M. Z. Akhmedov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heating Season ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Equivalent Concentration ◽  
Radon Survey ◽  
Equilibrium Equivalent Concentration

The paper presents results of the radon survey carried out in preschool and school institutions in Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan. Radon concentration was measured using solid state nuclear track detectors Radtrak2. Track detectors were exposed for 3 months during the heating and warm seasons of the year in the same premises. In total, the measurements were performed in 200 premises of 14 kindergartens and 36 schools. The radon equilibrium equivalent concentration during the heating and warm seasons and the annual average radon equilibrium equivalent concentration were calculated. Annual average radon equilibrium equivalent concentration in surveyed buildings ranged from 42 to 331 Bq/m3 with the mean value of 98 Bq/m3 on the first floor and 56 Bq/m3 on the second floor. It was shown that both seasonal values and annual average value of radon equilibrium equivalent concentration in the premises on the second floor are lower than in the premises on the first floor. The annual average effective dose to children from exposure to radon and its progeny in the premises of schools and kindergartens in Dushanbe ranged from 0,64 to 1,64 mSv. The limit value of annual average radon equilibrium equivalent concentration in dwellings and public buildings is set to 100 Bq/m3 for newly built buildings and 200 Bq/m3 for existing buildings in the Radiation safety norms (NRB-06) of the Republic of Tajikistan. This limit was exceeded only on the first floors in one kindergarten during the heating season, in three schools during the warm season and in eight schools during the heating season. When comparing the results of measurements of radon equilibrium equivalent concentration with data on the geological structure of underlying rocks at the locations of the surveyed buildings, no regularity was found. Additional detailed measurements in the buildings, including basements, will help to identify the source of radon entry into the indoor air and to develop recommendations for implementing radon remediation actions separately for each building. The survey results were also used to develop a radon map of Dushanbe.

scholarly journals Spatial Characteristics and Regional Transmission Analysis of PM2.5 Pollution in Northeast China, 2016–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12483
Author(s):  
Chunsheng Fang ◽  
Liyuan Wang ◽  
Zhuoqiong Li ◽  
Ju Wang
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Air Mass Trajectories ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

Northeast China is an essential industrial development base in China and the regional air quality is severely affected by PM2.5 pollution. In this paper, spatial autocorrelation, trajectory clustering, hotspot analysis, PSCF and CWT analysis are used to explore the spatial pollution characteristics of PM2.5 and determine the atmospheric regional transmission pattern for 40 cities in Northeast China from 2016 to 2020. Analysis of PM2.5 concentration characteristics in the northeast indicates that the annual average value and total exceedance days of PM2.5 concentration in Northeast China showed a U-shaped change, with the lowest annual average PM2.5 concentration (31 μg/m3) in 2018, decreasing by 12.1% year-on-year, and the hourly PM2.5 concentration exploding during the epidemic lockdown period in 2020. A stable PM2.5 pollution band emerges spatially from the southwest to Northeast China. Spatially, the PM2.5 in Northeast China has a high degree of autocorrelation and a south-hot–north-cool characteristic, with all hotspots concentrated in the most polluted Liaoning province, which exhibits the H–H cluster pattern and hotspot per year. Analysis of the air mass trajectories, potential source contributions and concentration weight trajectories in Northeast China indicates that more than 74% of the air mass trajectories were transmitted to each other between the three heavily polluted cities, with the highest mean value of PM2.5 pollution trajectories reaching 222.4 μg/m3, and the contribution of daily average PM2.5 concentrations exceeding 60 μg/m3 within Northeast China. Pollution of PM2.5 throughout the Northeast is mainly influenced by short-range intra-regional transport, with long-range transport between regions also being an essential factor; organized integration is the only fundamental solution to air pollution.

scholarly journals DMS and MSA measurements in the Antarctic Boundary Layer: impact of BrO on MSA production

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2985-2997 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Read ◽  
A. C. Lewis ◽  
S. Bauguitte ◽  
A. M. Rankin ◽  
R. A. Salmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Antarctic Boundary Layer ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. In situ measurements of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and methane sulphonic acid (MSA) were made at Halley Station, Antarctica (75°35' S, 26°19' W) during February 2004–February 2005 as part of the CHABLIS (Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow) project. DMS was present in the atmosphere at Halley all year (average 38.1±43 pptV) with a maximum monthly average value of 113.6±52 pptV in February 2004 coinciding temporally with a minimum in sea extent. Whilst seasonal variability and interannual variability can be attributed to a number of factors, short term variability appeared strongly dependent on air mass origin and trajectory pressure height. The MSA and derived non-sea salt sulphate (nss-SO42−) measurements showed no correlation with those of DMS (regression R2=0.039, and R2=0.001 respectively) in-line with the complexity of DMS fluxes, alternative oxidation routes, transport of air masses and variable spatial coverage of both sea-ice and phytoplankton. MSA was generally low throughout the year, with an annual average of 42 ng m−3 (9.8±13.2 pptV), however MSA: nss-SO42− ratios were high implying a dominance of the addition oxidation route for DMS. Including BrO measurements into MSA production calculations demonstrated the significance of BrO on DMS oxidation within this region of the atmosphere in austral summer. Assuming an 80% yield of DMSO from the reaction of DMS+BrO, an atmospheric concentration of BrO equal to 3 pptV increased the calculated MSA production from DMS by a factor of 9 above that obtained when considering only reaction with the hydroxyl radical. These findings have significant atmospheric implications, but may also impact on the interpretation of ice cores which previously relied on the understanding of MSA and nss-SO42− chemistry to provide information on environmental conditions such as sea ice extent and the origins of sulphur within the ice.

scholarly journals Development of Statewide Annual Average Daily Traffic Estimation Model from Short-Term Counts: A Comparative Study for South Carolina

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (43) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakib Mahmud Khan ◽  
Sababa Islam ◽  
MD Zadid Khan ◽  
Kakan Dey ◽  
Mashrur Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Annual Average Daily Traffic ◽  
Functional Classes ◽  
Estimation Models ◽  
Aadt Estimation

Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is an important parameter for traffic engineering analysis. Departments of Transportation continually collect traffic count using both permanent count stations (i.e., Automatic Traffic Recorders or ATRs) and temporary short-term count stations. In South Carolina, 87% of the ATRs are located on interstates and arterial highways. For most secondary highways (i.e., collectors and local roads), AADT is estimated based on short-term counts. This paper develops AADT estimation models for different roadway functional classes with two machine learning techniques: Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The models predict AADT from short-term counts. The results are first compared against each other, using the 2011 ATR data, to identify the best models. Then, the results of the best models are compared against both the regression-based model and factor-based model. The comparison reveals the superiority of the SVR model for AADT estimation for different roadway functional classes over all other methods. Among models for different roadway functional classes, developed with the 2011 ATR data, the SVR-based models show minimum errors in estimating AADT compared to the ANN-based, regression-based, and factor-based models, depicting the superiority of the SVR-based model for all roadway functional classes over other models in terms of AADT estimation accuracy. SVR models are validated for each roadway functional class using the 2016 ATR data and short-term count data collected by the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT). The validation results show that the SVR-based AADT estimation models can be used by the SCDOT as a reliable option to predict AADT from the short-term counts.

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