scholarly journals The relationship between problem size and fixation patterns during addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan T. Curtis ◽  
Matthew G. Huebner ◽  
Jo-Anne LeFevre
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Problem Size ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Simple Arithmetic ◽  
Division Problems ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Eye-tracking methods have only rarely been used to examine the online cognitive processing that occurs during mental arithmetic on simple arithmetic problems, that is, addition and multiplication problems with single-digit operands (e.g., operands 2 through 9; 2 + 3, 6 x 8) and the inverse subtraction and division problems (e.g., 5 – 3; 48 ÷ 6). Participants (N = 109) solved arithmetic problems from one of the four operations while their eye movements were recorded. We found three unique fixation patterns. During addition and multiplication, participants allocated half of their fixations to the operator and one-quarter to each operand, independent of problem size. The pattern was similar on small subtraction and division problems. However, on large subtraction problems, fixations were distributed approximately evenly across the three stimulus components. On large division problems, over half of the fixations occurred on the left operand, with the rest distributed between the operation sign and the right operand. We discuss the relations between these eye tracking patterns and other research on the differences in processing across arithmetic operations.

scholarly journals Not toeing the number line for simple arithmetic: Two large-n conceptual replications of Mathieu et al. (Cognition, 2016, Experiment 1)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie I. D. Campbell ◽  
Yalin Chen ◽  
Maham Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Number Line ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Simple Arithmetic ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Large N ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Mixed Operation ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University

We conducted two conceptual replications of Experiment 1 in Mathieu, Gourjon, Couderc, Thevenot, and Prado (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.10.002). They tested a sample of 34 French adults on mixed-operation blocks of single-digit addition (4 + 3) and subtraction (4 – 3) with the three problem elements (O1, +/-, O2) presented sequentially. Addition was 34 ms faster if O2 appeared 300 ms after the operation sign and displaced 5° to the right of central fixation, whereas subtraction was 19 ms faster when O2 was displaced to the left. Replication Experiment 1 (n = 74 recruited at the University of Saskatchewan) used the same non-zero addition and subtraction problems and trial event sequence as Mathieu et al., but participants completed blocks of pure addition and pure subtraction followed by the mixed-operation condition used by Mathieu et al. Addition RT showed a 32 ms advantage with O2 shifted rightward relative to leftward but only in mixed-operation blocks. There was no effect of O2 position on subtraction RT. Experiment 2 (n = 74) was the same except mixed-operation blocks occurred before the pure-operation blocks. There was an overall 13 ms advantage with O2 shifted right relative to leftward but no interaction with operation or with mixture (i.e., pure vs mixed operations). Nonetheless, the rightward RT advantage was statistically significant for both addition and subtraction only in mixed-operation blocks. Taken together with the robust effects of mixture in Experiment 1, the results suggest that O2 position effects in this paradigm might reflect task specific demands associated with mixed operations.

Modeling the Effects of Time pressure and Feedback on Eye movements and Learning Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 671-675
Author(s):  
Ji-Eun Kim ◽  
David A. Nembhard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Individualized Learning ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Relationship

Eye movement measurement is both non-invasive to the learner, and available at a cost that is steadily decreasing. There are currently several mainstream laptop computers on the market that ship with fully integrated eye-tracking. Eye movements will take on a role as inputs to predict individualized learning performance. In response to the increased usage of this tool, this study uses eye-tracking technology to investigate the effects of time pressure and feedback on changes in eye movement by generating structural models. We tracked participants’ eye movement, and to relate this eye movement to human learning behaviors while participants were asked to complete online training for a Project Management task. The study measured participants’ eye-movements in response to the amount of time to deadlines and feedback updating the remaining time. Results showed that eye movement partially mediated the relationship between time to deadline and task completion time. The results of the study will be advantageous in predicting individualized learning performance based on eye movements.

Response Times in Adding and Multiplying Single-Digit Numbers

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Aiken ◽  
E. Newsom Williams
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Arithmetic Operation ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Simple Arithmetic ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Mental Addition ◽  
Computational Ability

2 experiments were conducted to test certain hypotheses concerning processes involved in mental addition and multiplication. Ss were required to make simultaneous manual and vocal responses to a series of simple arithmetic problems consisting of two single-digit numbers. The effects of practice, individual differences, and sex differences on response times were examined. In general, results indicated that Ss employ a variety of techniques in performing mental computations, depending on the type of arithmetic operation, amount of practice, and individual differences in computational ability. Results did not permit a clear choice among the random-access retrieval, analog-incrementing, and complete analog models. Both random and sequential (or hierarchical) access processes seem to be involved in performing mental arithmetic.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking-based visual field analysis (EFA): a reliable and precise perimetric methodology for the assessment of visual field defects

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000429
Author(s):  
Michael Christian Leitner ◽  
Florian Hutzler ◽  
Sarah Schuster ◽  
Lorenzo Vignali ◽  
Patrick Marvan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Automated Perimetry ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Field Defects

ObjectiveSeveral studies report evidence for training-related neuroplasticity in the visual cortex, while other studies suggest that improvements simply reflect inadequate eye fixation control during perimetric prediagnostics and postdiagnostics.Methods and analysisTo improve diagnostics, a new eye-tracking-based methodology for visual field analysis (eye-tracking-based visual field analysis (EFA)) was developed. The EFA is based on static automated perimetry and additionally takes individual eye movements in real time into account and compensates for them. In the present study, an evaluation of the EFA with the help of blind spots of 58 healthy participants and the individual visual field defects of 23 clinical patients is provided. With the help of the EFA, optical coherence tomography, Goldmann perimetry and a Humphrey field analyser, these natural and acquired scotomas were diagnosed and the results were compared accordingly.ResultsThe EFA provides a SE of measurement of 0.38° for the right eye (OD) and 0.50° for the left eye (OS), leading to 0.44° of visual angle for both eyes (OU). Based on participants’ individual results, the EFA provides disattenuated correlation (validity) of 1.00 for both OD and OS. Results from patients suffering from cortical lesions and glaucoma further indicate that the EFA is capable of diagnosing acquired scotoma validly and is applicable for clinical use.ConclusionOutcomes indicate that the EFA is highly reliable and precise in diagnosing individual shape and location of scotoma and capable of recording changes of visual field defects (after intervention) with unprecedented precision. Test duration is comparable to established instruments and due to the high customisability of the EFA, assessment duration can be shortened by adapting the diagnostic procedure to the patients’ individual visual field characteristics. Therefore, the saccade-compensating methodology enables researchers and healthcare professionals to rule out eye movements as a source of inaccuracies in pre-, post-, and follow-up assessments.

Individual Differences in Cognitive Strategy and Personality Traits as Measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn E. Kerr ◽  
Warren S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire ◽  
Sixteen Personality Factor ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Personality Factor Questionnaire ◽  
The Right

The relationship between personality and preference for use of the right or left hemisphere of the brain in cognitive processing was investigated. Lateral eye movements were recorded as 50 female and 20 male right-handed subjects considered questions requiring reflection. The questions were not obviously “verbal” or “spatial” in nature but did require differing levels of reflection. Questions requiring higher levels of reflection produced a higher rate of lateral eye movement responses. Percent right eye movement for individual subjects was then correlated with scores on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, using both first-order factors and the second-order factor Cortertia, which has some face validity as describing the personality generally ascribed to those who produce mostly right lateral eye movements. No correlation was found between the preferred directions of eye movements and 16 PF factors, which suggests that the lateral eye movements reflect thinking and problem-solving strategies but are not associated with personality styles.

A technical introduction to using speakers’ eye movements to study language

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenzi M. Griffin ◽  
Jordan C. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Movement Monitoring

Everything you wanted to know about eye movement monitoring but were afraid to ask: This is a primer for researchers new to the use of eye-tracking and particularly those with an interest in language production. It summarizes the early history of eye movement monitoring in language production research, briefly reviews the relationship between visual attention and eye movements, and details the practical concerns of collecting and analyzing gaze data. In particular, the paper discusses the features and functions of available eye-tracking software and hardware systems, as well as tools for automatically processing speech. We close with a review of dependent measures that have been derived from eye movement data as well as how they were used and interpreted.

scholarly journals The Effects of the Content Elements of Online Banner Ads on Visual Attention: Evidence from An-Eye-Tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Serhat Peker ◽  
Gonca Gokce Menekse Dalveren ◽  
Yavuz İnal
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Brand Familiarity ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Banner Ads ◽  
Image Area ◽  
The Right

The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of the content elements of online banner ads on customers’ visual attention, and to evaluate the impacts of gender, discount rate and brand familiarity on this issue. An eye-tracking study with 34 participants (18 male and 16 female) was conducted, in which the participants were presented with eight types of online banner ads comprising three content elements—namely brand, discount rate and image—while their eye movements were recorded. The results showed that the image was the most attractive area among the three main content elements. Furthermore, the middle areas of the banners were noticed first, and areas located on the left side were mostly noticed earlier than those on the right side. The results also indicated that the discount areas of banners with higher discount rates were more attractive and eye-catching compared to those of banners with lower discount rates. In addition to these, the participants who were familiar with the brand mostly concentrated on the discount area, while those who were unfamiliar with the brand mostly paid attention to the image area. The findings from this study will assist marketers in creating more effective and efficient online banner ads that appeal to customers, ultimately fostering positive attitudes towards the advertisement.

Time Perception and the Stroop Task

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1159-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Marshall ◽  
William E. Wilsoncroft
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Psychophysical Procedure ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the Stroop task (color-word incongruities) on observers' estimates of 30-sec. inspection periods. The experiments differed in psychophysical procedure; the three classic methods of production, reproduction, and verbal estimation were employed. Observers underestimated the passage of time, compared to doing nothing, when they were engaged on the Stroop task. However, judgments of duration on the Stroop task were shorter than those made in the control condition of naming color dots only when the method of production was employed. These findings are similar to results with mental arithmetic tasks and contribute to the understanding of the relationship between cognitive processing and time perception.

Time Perception and the Stroop Task

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-2) ◽  
pp. 1159-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Marshall ◽  
William E. Wilsoncroft
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Psychophysical Procedure ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the Stroop task (color-word incongruities) on observers’ estimates of 30-sec. inspection periods. The experiments differed in psychophysical procedure; the three classic methods of production, reproduction, and verbal estimation were employed. Observers underestimated the passage of time, compared to doing nothing, when they were engaged on the Stroop task. However, judgments of duration on the Stroop task were shorter than those made in the control condition of naming color dots only when the method of production was employed. These findings are similar to results with mental arithmetic tasks and contribute to the understanding of the relationship between cognitive processing and time perception.

scholarly journals Eye Movements and Fixation-Related Potentials in Reading: A Review

Vision ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Federica Degno ◽  
Simon P. Liversedge
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ongoing Phase

The present review is addressed to researchers in the field of reading and psycholinguistics who are both familiar with and new to co-registration research of eye movements (EMs) and fixation related-potentials (FRPs) in reading. At the outset, we consider a conundrum relating to timing discrepancies between EM and event related potential (ERP) effects. We then consider the extent to which the co-registration approach might allow us to overcome this and thereby discriminate between formal theoretical and computational accounts of reading. We then describe three phases of co-registration research before evaluating the existing body of such research in reading. The current, ongoing phase of co-registration research is presented in comprehensive tables which provide a detailed summary of the existing findings. The thorough appraisal of the published studies allows us to engage with issues such as the reliability of FRP components as correlates of cognitive processing in reading and the advantages of analysing both data streams (i.e., EMs and FRPs) simultaneously relative to each alone, as well as the current, and limited, understanding of the relationship between EM and FRP measures. Finally, we consider future directions and in particular the potential of analytical methods involving deconvolution and the potential of measurement of brain oscillatory activity.

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