scholarly journals The papilios of Great Britain, systematically arranged, accurately engraved, and painted from nature, with the natural history of each species, from a close application to the subject, and observations made in different countries o

1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Natural History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

The Ironstone Formation of the Forest of Dean; with a Sketch of the General Geology and Industrial History of the District

The Geologist ◽  
1858 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
J. W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Industrial History ◽  
General Geology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

It is an old remark, that much of the prosperity attending the manufacture of iron in Great Britain has resulted from the circumstance that the ore, the fuel, and the flux are mostly associated minerals in the same locality; and, although this is typically true as regards the mineral basin which forms the subject of the present article, it is some-what curious that, in all probability, the discovery of the fuel in this instance dates much posteriorly to the employment of the ore, so that iron-making, had become an active branch of industry in this district long prior to any of the numerous seams of coal being worked; and, what is equally likely, before even their existence was known. If we look into any of the early histories of Gloucestershire, we find that, while abundant mention is made of the iron-mines and the smelting furnaces, no notice whatever is afforded of the coal, fully warranting the supposition that the discovery of the deposits had not then been made. I t will, perhaps, form an interesting preface to this paper, if, in connection with this latter circumstance, before entering upon the geological and lithological features of the ironstone formations, which are special and of the greatest interest, I give a sketch of the commercial history of the locality, past and present.In tracing the progress made in the metallurgy of iron in this country, the Forest of Dean claims to have been among the first localities where the manufacture of that metal was established.

1. On the Condition of the Salmon Fisheries of England and Wales in 1861; with a Notice of some of the Modes of Fishing, especially those practised in the Severn and Wye

1862 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 539-542
Author(s):  
William Jardine
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Official Report ◽  
Correct Knowledge ◽  
Salmon Fisheries ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The author proposed in this paper to give more detailed observations on the salmon fisheries of England and Wales than could be done in the compass of an official report, and at the same time to add notes on the natural history of the migratory species of Salmonidæ met with in these fisheries. The first part related to the Severn and Wye.No subject has been more legislated upon than that of the regulation of the salmon fisheries of Great Britain and Ireland; and while this indicates the importance attached to them, it has been at the same time mainly caused by the want of a correct knowledge of the facts relating to them, an ignorance of the habits and natural economy of the species, and by parties looking at one or two insulated points only, instead of viewing the subject and the various interests connected with it as one.

The Historia Piscium (1686)

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kusukawa
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
John Ray ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Francis Willughby ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Made In

In 1686, just as Newton was preparing for the publication of the Principia , the Historia Piscium was being printed under the auspices of The Royal Society. The Historia Piscium was a work begun by Francis Willughby (1635–1672, F.R.S. 1663), completed by John Ray (1627–1705, F.R.S. 1667) and brought into print with the financial support of The Royal Society. The text and illustrations of the Historia Piscium reflect the 17th-century origins of the enterprise: Ray's quest to recover the knowledge and language lost in the Fall, and The Royal Society's support for establishing a reformed natural history of fish through publication. Ray's biblical belief in the corruption of human language and knowledge led him to reform natural history through ‘characteristic marks’. He sought to define, classify and depict fishes through their external features, which when matched up, would yield the same nature, and thus allow humans to identify and give a name to a fish. The Royal Society helped Ray's task by confirming the validity or uselessness of a given author on the subject, suggesting other authorities and sources for illustrations, organizing the printing, checking the corrections and paying for the cost of the printing. Subscriptions were sought for the illustrations and the inscriptions of subscribers reflect the Society's concern to promote its institutional identity and its supporters. Some Fellows of the Society also helped Ray with identities and classification of fishes, and changes were made in response to suggestions and objections of other Fellows. Without the intellectual and financial support of the Society, especially Pepys, Lister and Robinson, the Historia Piscium would not have been published in the way that it was. Despite the subscription, however, the Historia Piscium was a costly venture, largely due to its lavish illustrations, and the subsequent flop of sales of the book meant that The Royal Society faced serious financial problems. This is perhaps the main reason why it could not meet the cost of publishing Newton's Principia .

I. Contributions Towards a History of British Meteorites

1879 ◽  
Vol 3 (13) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Townshend M. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Great Degree ◽  
Tangible Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mineral Constituents

As the rare descent of Meteorites or Aërolites affords us the only real tangible evidence we possess respecting the mineral constituents which exist beyond the limits of our own globe, a great degree of interest must always be attached to these stray visitors ; and although much has been written on the subject at different times, it has hitherto taken the form either of a bare catalogue of the date and place of occurrence ; or of scattered notices dealing only with individual cases. My desire is to collect these various records as far as they relate to each meteoric stone which has been known, or has been said to have fallen in Great Britain, and to endeavour to give as complete an account as possible of every instance; including not only the historical facts, but also notices Of mineralogical observations and references to authorities.

scholarly journals I.—History of the Names Cambrian and Silurian in Geology

1873 ◽  
Vol 10 (111) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sterry Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
North America ◽  
Upper Cambrian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lower Palaeozoic ◽  
The Subject

It is proposed in the following pages to give a concise account of the progress of investigation of the lower Palæozoic rocks during the last forty years. The subject may naturally be divided into three parts: 1. The history of Silurian and Upper Cambrian in Great Britain from 1831 to 1854; 2. That of the still more ancient Palæozoic rocks in Scandinavia, Bohemia, and Great Britain up to the present time, including the recognition by Barrande of the so-called primordial Palæozoic; fauna; 3. The history of the lower Palæozoic rocks of North America.

scholarly journals I. The Croonian Lecture.—On the theory of the vertebrate skull

1859 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 381-457 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Biological Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Space ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Organic Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Articles Of Faith ◽  
The Mind

The necessity of discussing so great a subject as the Theory of the Vertebrate Skull in the small space of time allotted by custom to a lecture, has its advantages as well as its drawbacks. As, on the present occasion, I shall suffer greatly from the disadvantages of the limitation, I will, with your permission, avail myself to the uttermost of its benefits. It will be necessary for me to assume much that I would rather demonstrate, to suppose known much that I would rather set forth and explain at length; but on the other hand, I may consider myself excused from entering largely either into the history of the subject, or into lengthy and controversial criticisms upon the views which are, or have been, held by others. The biological science of the last half-century is honourably distinguished from that of preceding epochs, by the constantly increasing prominence of the idea, that a community of plan is discernible amidst the manifold diversities of organic structure. That there is nothing really aberrant in nature; that the most widely different organisms are connected by a hidden bond; that an apparently new and isolated structure will prove, when its characters are thoroughly sifted, to be only a modification of something which existed before,—are propositions which are gradually assuming the position of articles of faith in the mind of the investigators of animated nature, and are directly, or by implication, admitted among the axioms of natural history.

scholarly journals Observations upon the Natural History of Epidemic Diarrhoea

1910 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Health Department ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

The following observations upon the Natural History of Epidemic Diarrhoea were made in Mansfield during the summer and autumn of 1908. The fact that at the time the writer was engaged in preparing a paper—to which the present paper is to some extent complementary—upon the epidemiological relations of season and disease, lent special interest to the enquiries regularly made from the Health Department of this town into the circumstances attending fatal attacks of diarrhoea. Early in the season a more than usually extensive enquiry was made into one of these fatal attacks in an area where an outbreak of diarrhoea appeared to be spreading outwards from a group of old privy-middens. To test how far the condemnation of the latter was justifiable another area was taken on the other side of the town, where the houses were newly built and provided exclusively with water-closets; and records, collected by house-to-house visitation, were obtained of all cases of epidemic diarrhoea, whether non-fatal or otherwise, occurring in these localities. The enquiries thus begun were afterwards extended so as to embrace two fairly large districts, a chance of doing this being provided by the opportune postponement of the addition to the department of certain work of inspection which had been impending at the beginning of the summer. These districts were several times revisited and scattered observations were also made throughout the other parts of the town. During 1909, while there was no opportunity of making extended observations, there were valuable opportunities during the course of the routine inspections of the summer of testing and re-testing the principal results obtained during 1908.

XXIII. On the water-barometer erected in the hall of the Royal Society

1832 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 539-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Tube ◽  
French Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Made In

I have for some time entertained an opinion, in common with some others who have turned their attention tot he subject, that a good series of observations with a Water-Barometer, accurately constructed, might throw some light upon several important points of physical science: amongst others, upon the tides of the atmosphere; the horary oscillations of the counterpoising column; the ascending and descending rate of its greater oscillations; and the tension of vapour at different atmospheric temperatures. I have sought in vain in various scientific works, and in the Transactions of Philosophical Societies, for the record of any such observations, or for a description of an instrument calculated to afford the required information with anything approaching to precision. In the first volume of the History of the French Academy of Sciences, a cursory reference is made, in the following words, to some experiments of M. Mariotte upon the subject, of which no particulars appear to have been preserved. “Le même M. Mariotte fit aussi à l’observatoire des experiences sur le baromètre ordinaire à mercure comparé au baromètre à eau. Dans l’un le mercure s’eléva à 28 polices, et dans Fautre l’eau fut a 31 pieds Cequi donne le rapport du mercure à l’eau de 13½ à 1.” Histoire de I'Acadérmie, tom. i. p. 234. It also appears that Otto Guricke constructed a philosophical toy for the amusement of himself and friends, upon the principle of the water-barometer; but the column of water probably in this, as in all the other instances which I have met with, was raised by the imperfect rarefaction of the air in the tube above it, or by filling with water a metallic tube, of sufficient length, cemented to a glass one at its upper extremity, and fitted with a stop-cock at each end; so that when full the upper one might be closed and the lower opened, when the water would fall till it afforded an equipoise to the pressure of the atmo­sphere. The imperfections of such an instrument, it is quite clear, would render it totally unfit for the delicate investigations required in the present state of science; as, to render the observations of any value, it is absolutely necessary that the water should be thoroughly purged of air, by boiling, and its insinuation or reabsorption effectually guarded against. I was convinced that the only chance of securing these two necessary ends, was to form the whole length of tube of one piece of glass, and to boil the water in it, as is done with mercury in the common barometer. The practical difficulties which opposed themselves to such a construction long appeared to me insurmount­able; but I at length contrived a plan for the purpose, which, having been honoured with the approval of the late Meteorological Committee of this Society, was ordered to be carried into execution by the President and Council.

The Natural History of Hydrocephalus

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-313
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Surgical Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arrested Hydrocephalus ◽  
Made In

A series of 182 unselected and unoperated cases of hydrocephalus, observed by one individual during a period of 20 years, were followed in an effort to determine the natural history of hydrocephalus. At the time of this report, 89 of the patients had died and 81 arrested spontaneously and the remaining 12 were either progressive or could not be traced. In most cases the hydrocephalus was acquired either through infection or perinatal trauma and anoxia. The children were all under the age of 13 years and hydrocephalus was first observed to develop usually by 6 months of age. The survivors with arrested hydrocephalus frequently had other physical handicaps in addition to the enlargement of the head. The intelligence of the survivors was tested and 75% of those with spontaneous arrest were educable and the I.Q. of 57% was 85 or above. The author points out that the findings in this survey are in contrast to the statements generally made in the literature: that the possibility of spontaneous arrest and preservation of a degree of intelligence permitting education is extremely poor. The bearing of the findings on the evaluation of the results of surgical therapy are discussed.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Bill Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Evolutionary Thought ◽  
History Of

The introduction sets the scene by exploring the role of Edinburgh as a centre for the development and propagation of pre-Darwinian evolutionary theories. It gives essential background on natural history in the Scottish capital in early nineteenth century and the history of evolutionary thought and outlines the aims and objectives of the book. In addition, it explores some of the historiographical issues raised by earlier historians of science who have discussed the role of Edinburgh in the development of evolutionary thought in Great Britain.

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