ICA in the UK water industry: The state of the art (1).

The IWA conference on water economics, statistics and finance involved multidiscipline participants from academia and industry and decision makers. A number of important issues were considered such as: how utilities are financed, the variety of water tariff structures, measurement of performance and benchmarking, national and regional water industry statistics, water facts, regulation, economic aspects, costs/benefits, feasibility analysis, as well as funding possibilities and practices. This is an overview paper that gives the state of the art on these issues, new directions, which were presented at the conference and the up-to-date literature.

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19. Inventive step

Intellectual Property Law ◽

10.1093/he/9780198769958.003.0019 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. Bently ◽

B. Sherman ◽

D. Gangjee ◽

P. Johnson

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

European Patent Office ◽

European Patent ◽

Patent Office ◽

Inventive Step ◽

The Uk ◽

The Way

This chapter examines the requirement that an invention is patentable if it involves an ‘inventive step’ or ‘non-obviousness’, that is, the invention is not obvious to a person skilled in the art, and the difficulty of deciding whether an invention is obvious (non-inventive) or non-obvious (inventive). It first considers the approach used by the European Patent Office to deal with the obviousness of a patent and compares it with that in the UK. It then explains the concept of the state of the art in an obviousness examination before concluding with an assessment of the way in which the inventive step has been addressed in a number of different circumstances.

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The applicant, after considering the results of the search, may file amendments to the description and claims. However, these are not acted on immediately; rather the patent goes forward to publication in exactly the form in which it was filed. The only addition will be any new claims filed since then but prior to the completion of preparation of the application for publication. At this stage copies of the application are available to anybody who wishes to inspect or purchase them. The Patent Office file is also open to public inspection. Whatever subsequently happens to the application, the learning it embodies now becomes part of the state of the art. Up to this point, it would have been possible to withdraw the application and maintain the novelty of the invention (provided of course that no other disclosure was made). Likewise, the invention remains novel for the purposes of foreign applications up the time it is published. If a patentee files, say, an Australia application, more than 12 months later (so outside the priority period) but before publication of the Australian application he can file a new application in (say) the UK. It will not have the priority of the Australian application: but it can be used as the basis for new priority applications elsewhere, including the European Patent Office. The application as published will also include an abstract, a summary of the invention covering the main technical features. This too has to be supplied by the applicant. Like the claims and search fee the abstract has to be filed within 12 months of the application date if it is not filed at the same time as the rest of the application. Substantive examination and grant (s 18)

Sourcebook on Intellectual Property Law ◽

10.4324/9781843142928-36 ◽

1997 ◽

pp. 168-168

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

European Patent Office ◽

European Patent ◽

Patent Office ◽

Application Date ◽

Technical Features ◽

The Uk

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Air Navigation Cost-benefits and Payments

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300019822 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 316-324

Author(s):

M. A. Ambrose

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Private Ownership ◽

World War ◽

Ancillary Benefits ◽

Cost Benefits ◽

Development Costs ◽

The Uk

At the end of World War II civil aviation inherited an infrastructure in which the state of the art had necessarily been accelerated beyond normal commercial pressures and for which the research and development costs had been funded by military resources and requirements. Within the UK a patchwork quilt of military aerodromes were progressively run-down as military activities decreased and were either adopted by the state, the municipal authorities or private ownership. The possibilities for civil aviation development seemed boundless and to many communities the availability of airline services were deemed sufficiently desirable, because of ancillary benefits, to justify the subsidization of the airport and navigation facilities inherited.

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The UK national Web cache — The state of the art

Computer Networks and ISDN Systems ◽

10.1016/0169-7552(96)00029-3 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 28 (7-11) ◽

pp. 1407-1414 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Neil G. Smith

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Web Cache ◽

The Uk

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Practical Picture Processing

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100051700 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 338-339

Author(s):

T. A. Welton

Keyword(s):

Radiation Damage ◽

Coherence Length ◽

Spatial Information ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Coherent Radiation ◽

The State ◽

Energy Spread ◽

Electron Micrograph ◽

Picture Processing ◽

Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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