Activities: From Graphs to Matrices

1990 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Peter Lochiel Glidden ◽  
Robert A. Laing ◽  
Dwayne E. Channell

Introduction: The NCTM's curriculum and evaluation standards call for topics from discrete mathematics to be included in the 9–12 curriculum so that all students can “represent problem situations using discrete structures such as finite graphs, matrices, sequences, and recurrence relations; [and] represent and analyze finite graphs using matrices …”(National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Commission on Standards for School Mathematics 1989, 176). This activity is offered as an example of how matrices can be introduced informally from finite graphs and how finite graphs can be analyzed by examining their matrix representations. Because this introduction to matrices is concrete and requires only marginal computational proficiency, it makes matrices accessible to the majority of middle and secondary school students.

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-144
Author(s):  
Edwin M. Dickey

The articulation of secondary school and college mathematics is a critical problem facing educators today (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1980; Staff, 1984). The placement in college mathematics courses of students who have taken calculus in secondary school is an especially critical and difficult task. Calculus can be taught at various levels, and its subject matter components can receive varying degrees of emphasis. The Advanced Placement (AP) program attempts to provide a uniform and high-quality calculus course for secondary school students by publishing a detailed course syllabus, encouraging special training for AP instructors, and administering an examination that validates a student's AP Calculus experience (College Entrance Examination Board, 1984). Nonetheless, some evidence suggests that AP Calculus students have difficulty earning advanced placement and credit for the calculus they learned in secondary school (Lefkowitz, 1971; Neatrour & Mullenex, 1973; Pocock, 1974; Rash, 1977; Sklar, 1980; Sorge & Wheatley, 1977). One reason for this difficulty may be that AP Calculus students are not achieving at the same level as college students.


1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-142
Author(s):  
Donald M. Fairbairn

Much has been written concerning how to teach problem solving, going back to Póya's steps in problem solving (1957). The imponance of problem solving is also well documemed. Problem solving was made the “agenda for the eighties” by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). The Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (NCTM 1989, 77) indicates that “problem situations can serve as a context for exploring mathematical ideas. Through these situations, students have opportunities to investigate problems, apply their knowledge and skills across a wide range of situations, and develop an appreciation for the power and beauty of mathematics.”


1996 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Richard Grassl

Would your students be surprised to see a use for partial fractions? Would they benefit from “jumping in” and constructing some mathematics, even though they may have had little prior experience with collecting data, working in groups, and “talking mathematics”? Students who have taken part in this exploration—which involves drawing pictures to collect data, conjecturing a recurrence relation, and solving such a relation using geometric series and partial fractions—have been genuinely pleased to see the pieces fit together and their cooperative effort yield a signficant final product. The activity develops connections among mathematical topics, as described in the NCTM’s Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989), and promotes teaching discrete mathematics at the secondary school level. It has been classroom tested at several levels, including a sophomore college-level course in discrete mathematics for prospective elementary and secondary school teachers.


2001 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 680-688
Author(s):  
Amy Roth McDuffie

The mathematics education community has called for changes in the high school curriculum to increase the emphasis on meaningful problem solving and on topics in discrete mathematics (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics 1989, 1991, 2000). This recommendation resulted from changes in knowledge and revisions in problem-solving needs because of advances in such fields as information processing and computer technology. Including graph theory in the curriculum is one way to meet these goals. Graphs present an opportunity to model and analyze such problem situations as networks and circuits. This activity incorporates basic terminology, concepts, and solution methods of graph theory in the context of solving problems related to air travel.


1996 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-418
Author(s):  
Barry E. Shealy

Real-world contexts are appearing more often in international curricula, and the arguments for using modeling and applications are broadening (Blum and Niss 1991). The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, in its Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989), suggests that modeling is a great context for developing problem-solving and reasoning skills. These types of experiences promote communication and allow students to make connections among mathematical ideas and between mathematics and other disciplines. Modeling activities are also consistent with the concept of a core curriculum, offering contexts for a variety of types and depths of problems. It is not surprising that the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards points out that students should be able to “apply the process of mathematical modeling to real-world problem situations” (NCTM 1989, 137)


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
KAREN RUIZ REYES ◽  
JOSÉ MIGUEL CONTRERAS GARCÍA

In statistical inference, importance of sampling is recognized as one of its key concepts, which has allowed its incorporation internationally in different curricular guidelines and specifically in the Chilean curriculum, since the first notions of sampling are introduced in 7th Grade. This paper presents an analysis of the responses to an open-ended written questionnaire, designed to evaluate understanding of sampling, that was applied to a sample of 1,241 Chilean secondary students of 8th, 10th and 12th Grades in six different secondary schools. A mixed methodology was used, with qualitative description of responses and a quantitative analysis of their frequencies. The results reflect outstanding difficulties in the use of elements related to sampling and its properties in different problem situations. For example, students can distinguish the concept of sample in contexts close to their experiences; but when faced with different sampling methods, they are not able to identify biases associated to sample selection. Thus, when deciding if a sample is representative, they mostly identify cases in which the given sample is not. Abstract: Spanish En inferencia estadística se reconoce la importancia del muestreo como uno de sus conceptos clave, lo que ha permitido su incorporación a nivel internacional en diferentes lineamientos curriculares y específicamente en el currículo chileno, dado que las primeras nociones de muestreo se introducen en el séptimo año de educación primaria. En este trabajo se presenta el análisis de las respuestas a un cuestionario de respuesta abierta, diseñado para evaluar la comprensión del muestreo, que fue aplicado a una muestra de 1241 estudiantes de secundaria chilenos, de octavo año de primaria, segundo año de secundaria y cuarto año de secundaria, en seis centros educativos. Se empleó una metodología mixta, con una descripción cualitativa de las respuestas y un análisis cuantitativo de sus frecuencias. Los resultados reflejan dificultades destacables en la utilización de los elementos relacionados al muestreo y sus propiedades en las diferentes situaciones problema planteadas. Por ejemplo, los estudiantes distinguen el concepto de muestra en contextos cercanos a sus experiencias; pero cuando se enfrentan a diferentes métodos de muestreo, no son capaces de identificar los sesgos asociados a la selección de muestras. Así, al momento de decidir si una muestra es representativa, identifican sobre todo los casos en que la muestra dada no lo es.


Author(s):  
Gürbüz Ocak ◽  
Burak Olur ◽  
Tuğçe Zehra Kızılgöl

The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between secondary school students' metacognitive awareness levels and frequency of listening / monitoring strategies. In the study, correlational survey model has been employed. The sample of the study consists of 406 secondary school students from 4 schools determined by criterion sampling method in the 2018-2019 academic year. The Metacognitive Awareness Inventory for Children (Jr. MAI) - A and B Forms and The Usage Frequency Scale of Listening/Monitoring Strategies in Secondary School Students have been used as data collection tools. Percentage, frequency, arithmetic mean, correlation analysis, t test, two-way ANOVA analysis have been used. As a result of the research, it has been found out that the frequency of using secondary school students' listening / monitoring strategies is high, and there is a positive correlation between metacognitive awareness level and listening / monitoring strategies. Furthermore, it has been concluded that there is a significant correlation between the metacognitive awareness levels of the secondary school students and the frequency of using listening / monitoring strategies in terms of grade level, there is a positive correlation in favor of female students in terms of gender variable. According to the results of two-way ANOVA, it has been concluded that there is no significant difference depending on the common effect in problem situations involving gender and class variables. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0740/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>


1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 499-503
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Leonard ◽  
Dyanne M. Tracy

It is evident that our society as a whole needs to take a new look at the way mathematics is taught. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) has publ ished documents to establish a broad framework that will lead to the transformation of the teaching and learning of mathematics. The Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (1989) calls for a reform in school mathematics based on societal and economic needs. The Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (1991) makes suggestions for teachers about ways to change their mathematics teaching behaviors on the basis of the curriculum standards. It will take time to educate teachers and administrators about both documents.


1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-215
Author(s):  
Marcy Cook

The “IDEAS” section for this month focuses on combinations, an important part of discrete mathematics probability. from the point of view of the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (1989). As we continually strive to make mathematics an area for problem solving. we see the need to investigate questions from problem situations and to connect mathematics to the outside world. Students are encouraged to discover all the combinations for a given problem; they should experience estimating, eliminating, collecting data in an organized manner, and drawing conclusions. Active involvement with a set of crayons allows all students to attack nonroutine problems. Forming generalizations — or mathematical statements to explain the phenomena — can extend the upper-grade activities. The use of such higher-level-thinking skills as synthesis, analysis, and evaluation replaces working on tedious worksheets and memorizing rules and algorithms. Students explore relationships, discover ways to accomplish tasks, and make predictions about outcomes without being presented with prescribed formulas.


1989 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 696-701
Author(s):  
Christian R. Hirsch ◽  
Harold L. Schoen ◽  
Harold L. Schoen

A three-year core curriculum is the most fundamental change proposed for grades 9–12 in the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Commission on Standards for School Mathematics 1989). The Standards document identifies a common body of mainstream mathematical topics that all high school students should have the opportunity to learn. Present curricula attempt to accommodate differences in students' backgrounds, interests, and educational goals through the selection of topics. Unfortunately, the narrow, trackable programs that evolve from this perspective restrict many students to arithmetic computation only and thus serve as an early critical filter to opportunity and careers. Within the proposed core curriculum, differentiation would occur primarily in the manner in which topics are treated. It would be based on the depth to which common topics are pursued, the degree of difficulty of exercises and applications, the level of abstraction at which ideas are discussed, and, of course, the pace of instruction.


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