ANTECEDENTES EN ESPAÑA DE LA CRIMINOLOGÍA POSITIVA MODERNA Y DE LA CRIMINOLOGÍA CLINICA

2020 ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Alfonso Serrano Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1960S

La Criminología en España ha sido tutelada por los penalistas. Algunos hicieron aportaciones teóricas. A finales de la década de los sesenta del siglo pasado se inicia una nueva etapa con la aparición de los primeros trabajos empíricos y de Criminología clínica. En los últimos años se ha creado el Grado en Criminología en más de treinta universidades, aunque en el campo de la investigación disponemos de pocos expertos en la disciplina. El futuro científico de la Criminología en nuestro país a corto plazo, e incluso a medio, parece poco prometedor.Criminology in Spain has been protected by criminalists. Some made theoretical contributions. At the end of the decade of the 1960s of the past century, a new stage was initiated with then appearance of the first empirical papers and those on clinical criminology. In recent years the Degree in Criminology has been created in more than thirty universities, although in the field of investigation we have few experts in the discipline. The scientific future of criminology in our country in the short term, even in the medium term, seems quite bleak.

Chapter 1. The Home Economy

1989 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 7-25
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Regional Pattern ◽  
Economic Cycles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alternative Scenarios

On this occasion we have adopted a rather different format for this chapter from the customary one. Part One begins with an analysis of some of the most important developments of the past few years, with notes on the deterioration in the balance of payments, on the fall in the savings ratio and on the acceleration of inflation. Next we discuss some of the problems associated with economic forecasting. We analyse the errors made last year and compare them with the error margins normally associated with short-term forecasts of this kind. We look at the behaviour of the economy at the corresponding stage of previous economic cycles. And we consider the best way of forecasting GDP when there are discrepancies between the measures of its growth in the past. Our central forecasts for 1989 and 1990 are described briefly in the text of Part Two, and more fully set out in the usual tables. We end in Part Three with a discussion of alternative scenarios for the medium term, with particular reference to their implications for interest rates and the exchange rate. An appendix describes the regional pattern of unemployment and the way it has changed since the early 1980s.

Religious Non-Affiliation

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-193
Author(s):  
William V. Trollinger
Keyword(s):  
Republican Party ◽  
Christian Right ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Conservative Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Political Success

For the past century, the bulk of white evangelicalism has been tightly linked to very conservative politics. But in response to social and cultural changes in the 1960s and 1970s, conservative white evangelicalism organized itself into the Christian Right, in the process attaching itself to and making itself indispensable to the Republican Party. While the Christian Right has enjoyed significant political success, its fusion of evangelicalism/Christianity with right-wing politics—which includes white nationalism, hostility to immigrants, unfettered capitalism, and intense homophobia—has driven many Americans (particularly, young Americans) to disaffiliate from religion altogether. In fact, the quantitative and qualitative evidence make it clear that the Christian Right has been a (perhaps the) primary reason for the remarkable rise of the religious “nones” in the past three decades. More than this, the Christian Right is, in itself, a sign of secularization.

Historical trends in tree-ring growth and chemistry across an air-quality gradient in Wisconsin

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Frelich ◽  
J. G. Bockheim ◽  
J. E. Leide
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Past Century ◽  
White Pine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The 1960S

Basal-area increment and chemical composition of xylem wood were measured in three old-growth (ca. 75–100 years) white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) and three sugar maple (Acersaccharum) Marsh.) stands across a pH and SO4 gradient in precipitation in Wisconsin. In 1986 the volume-weighted mean pH and SO4 content of precipitation ranged from 4.5 to 5.0 and from 21 to 11 kg • ha−1, respectively, from southeastern to northwestern Wisconsin. With one exception (a white pine site at Point Beach in eastern Wisconsin), basal-area increment increased from the 1890s until the 1950s (sugar maple) or 1970s (white pine), then levelled off. Growth efficiency, estimated as the ratio of basal area to exposed crown area or crown volume for the 1980–1985 period, was similar for sugar maple across the gradient; however, growth efficiency of white pine was lower at Point Beach than at the two northern Wisconsin sites. Lead concentrations in xylem wood of both species have increased with time, except at Crotte Creek in northwestern Wisconsin, and Pb concentrations in xylem wood of both species were significantly greater in southeastern than in northwestern Wisconsin. Sulfur concentrations in xylem wood of white pine have increased since the 1960s at Point Beach and at one site in north central Wisconsin; S concentrations are significantly greater for both species in southeastern than in northern Wisconsin. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K in xylem wood of sugar maple have decreased over the past century. Whereas xylem wood concentrations of Mn and Zn generally show no age-related trends, Fe and P concentrations have increased markedly at all sites, particularly during the past decade. Although additional research is needed to determine the potential of dendrochemistry in evaluating the consequences of environmental pollution, the age- and site-related trends in chemical composition of xylem wood of white pine and sugar maple appear to be related to vehicular emissions (Pb), air pollution (S), migration along ray paths during conversion of sapwood into heartwood (P, Fe, Ca, K, Mg), and possibly reallocation of nutrients from the labile soil pool to perennial tree tissues during stand development (Ca, K, Mg).

From Gilles de la Tourette's Disease to Tourette Syndrome: A History

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard I. Kushner
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Symptom Complex ◽  
Initial Description ◽  
Pharmacologic Treatments ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractOver the past century researchers have attributed the symptoms that today are labeled as Tourette syndrome to various etiologies. Although most investigators have accepted Gilles de la Tourette's initial description of a symptom complex of tics and involuntary vocalizations, most have rejected his claim that “tic disease” resulted from hereditary degeneration. Subsequent investigators have offered an array of contradictory etiological explanations including viewing these symptoms as a subset of choreas, a result of insufficient inhibition, a failure to control infantile habits, a sequel to encephalitis and other infections, or the result of unconscious psychosexual childhood conflict. With the advent of effective pharmacologic treatments in the 1960s, psychiatrists, often urged on by the parents of afflicted children, began to insist that the disorder resulted from organic factors, most likely connected to transmission of the neurotransmitter dopamine and signaling in the basal ganglia. Since the 1970s, research has focused on a variety of possible organic substrates, but disputes over which symptoms to include in the syndrome's phenotype continue to constrain efforts to locate its etiology.

The View from the Top: A Century of PS Presidents' Perspectives on the Paleontological Society and Paleontology

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Patricia H. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Continental Drift ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
Mccarthy Era ◽  
The Past ◽  
Paleontological Society ◽  
Sister Organization ◽  
The 1960S

The Paleontological Society was founded in 1908, as a section of the Geological Society of America, for the purpose of promoting the science of paleontology. Although disciplinarily inclusive, our founders were an elitist, demographically limited group. Constitutional revisions over the past century trace the evolution of the PS, including increased democratization (with a setback during the McCarthy Era, but accelerating following the turmoil of society as a whole during the 1960s), internationalization, independence from the GSA and our sister organization SEPM, and broadening of our activities and concerns. Comments by Paleontological Society presidents, in their presidential addresses and/or a survey I conducted, reinforce these conclusions. In addition, the presidential addresses demonstrate the shifting concerns and interests of paleontologists over the past century: emphasis on stratigraphic paleontology during the early years of the Society; avoidance of the topic of evolution during the antievolution movement of the 1920s – 1950s; lack of participation in the debates over continental drift; development of paleobiology. Many presidents focused on the identity of paleontology, either praising our potential for contributions to science and society or bemoaning our status and recommending remedies for our situation. Despite some predictions of impending extinction of paleontology and the PS, both our Society and our field remain vigorous as we begin our second century.

International collaboration in drug discovery and development from natural sources

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1923-1942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon M. Cragg ◽  
David J. Newman
Keyword(s):  
International Collaboration ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bioactive Agents ◽  
Source Countries ◽  
Advanced Development

Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years, and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, particularly plants, with many based on their use in traditional medicine. The past century, however, has seen an increasing role played by microorganisms in the production of the antibiotics and other drugs for the treatment of serious diseases, and more recently, marine organisms have proved to be a rich source of novel bioactive agents. Natural products will continue to play a crucial role in meeting this demand through the expanded investigation of the world's biodiversity, much of which remains unexplored. By using medicinal chemistry, and combinatorial chemical and biosynthetic technology, novel natural product leads will be optimized on the basis of their biological activities to yield effective chemotherapeutic and other bioactive agents. With much of the biological diversity found in tropical and subtropical regions, the investigation of these resources requires multidisciplinary international collaboration in the discovery and development process. Such collaboration can result in substantial short-term benefits accruing to source countries, with the potential for the generation of significant longer-term benefits in the select cases of those agents that proceed into advanced development, and possible commercialization.

scholarly journals Winter Stoneflies of Illinois (Insecta: Plecoptera)

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-5) ◽  
pp. 195-274
Author(s):  
Donald W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Illinois Natural History Survey ◽  
Habitat Specialists ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
History Survey ◽  
Made In

Winter stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) are an aquatic group of insects whose adults emerge in IIlinois from late November to early April. Twenty-one species have been reported from Illinois. Extensive collections of winter stoneflies were made in Illinois during the 1920s and 1930s by Frison, the 1960s by Ross and “the winter stonefly club’, and the 1990s by Webb. These specimens are housed in the Insect Collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey and allowed for an evaluation of the current status of these species following a century of environmental change.Over the past century (1900-2000), the species diversity of winter stoneflies averaged 2.5 species per county with species reported from every county but 3 (Carroll, DuPage, Ford) and with 10 counties recording 5 or more species. Pope County (13 species) reported the greatest species diversity. During the recent resurvey (1976-2000), species diversity average 1.9 species per county withspecimens not collected in 11 counties, and only 3 counties (Hardin, Pope, and Saline) exhibited 5 or more species.Four species are considered extirpated from Illinois: Allocapnia illinoensis, Nemocapnia carolina, Paracapnia angulata, and Taeniopteryx parvula. Seven species were found to be common (known from more than 15 localities): Allocapnia forbesi, A. granulata, A. mystica, A. rickeri, A. vivipara, Taeniopteryx burksi, and T: nivalis. Four species are considered uncommon (known from 4—15localities): Allocapnia recta, Strophopteryx fasciata, Taeniopteryx metequi and Zealeuctra claasseni. Six species are considered rare (known from 1-3 localities): Allocapnia nivicola, A. smithi, Prostoia completa, Taeniopteryx lita, Zealeuctra fraxina, and Z. narfi. Significantly reduced patterns of distribution were noted in three species: A. granulata, A. mystica, and Strophopteryx fasciata. OnlyTaeniopteryx nivalis, previously rare, is now spreading its distribution across northern Illinois.There has been a modest decline during the past century in the diversity of stonefly species within various counties. Also, a trend was observed toward an increase in pollution-tolerant, “generalist” species with a decrease in pollution-sensitive, habitat “specialists.”

scholarly journals Belgium

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (92) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Single Event ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trade Offs

This Selected Issues paper analyzes Belgium’s fiscal stance using a structural stochastic model. This note uses a theoretical model that explicitly accounts for the trade-offs between the short-term cost of fiscal tightening and the long-term gains associated with higher fiscal buffers. This paper shows that once the current crisis is over, rebuilding fiscal buffers is essential to helping Belgium confront the next shock from a stronger fiscal position. Overall, this illustrates a major motivation for a credible medium-term fiscal consolidation strategy. When a government reduces debt, it increases its capacity to react to shocks later. This entails a short-term cost that is, in the case of Belgium, worth the effort as this capacity to smooth future shocks increases future welfare. In addition, a large capacity to react with fiscal policy reduces the risk of long-lasting effects of a large crisis. Historical data show that in the past, the Belgium government’s reaction to the cycle was limited to a single event. By contrast, if Belgium could firmly anchor public debt on a downward path, future governments would be able to offset downturns while keeping debt sustainability concerns under control.

scholarly journals Studies on the cell biology of interendothelial cell gaps

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (3) ◽  
pp. L275-L286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristhiaan D. Ochoa ◽  
Troy Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tissue Edema ◽  
The 1960S

Pain, redness, heat, and swelling are hallmarks of inflammation that were recognized as early as the first century AD. Despite these early observations, the mechanisms responsible for swelling, in particular, remained an enigma for nearly two millennia. Only in the past century have scientists and physicians gained an appreciation for the role that vascular endothelium plays in controlling the exudation that is responsible for swelling. One of these mechanisms is the formation of transient gaps between adjacent endothelial cell borders. Inflammatory mediators act on endothelium to reorganize the cytoskeleton, decrease the strength of proteins that connect cells together, and induce transient gaps between endothelial cells. These gaps form a paracellular route responsible for exudation. The discovery that interendothelial cell gaps are causally linked to exudation began in the 1960s and was accompanied by significant controversy. Today, the role of gap formation in tissue edema is accepted by many, and significant scientific effort is dedicated toward developing therapeutic strategies that will prevent or reverse the endothelial cell gaps that are present during the course of inflammatory illness. Given the importance of this field in endothelial cell biology and inflammatory disease, this focused review catalogs key historical advances that contributed to our modern-day understanding of the cell biology of interendothelial gap formation.

scholarly journals NGO-isation and the Plight of Women in Developing Nations

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Chu
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pays En Développement ◽  
The World ◽  
Pays En Developpement ◽  
Job Prospects

Over the past century, NGOs have been rapidly growing in numbers have become increasingly involved in such health crises as HIV/Aids and Ebola around the world. Many organizations have also been founded to recognize and support oppressed groups in certain countries, one of the most important of these being women. It is undeniable that women of developing nations have been greatly affected by the rise of NGOs, and the ensuing phenomenon of NGO-isation, from increased opportunities for activism, to unsustainable dependencies on nutritional supplements,. This article presents a background of both NGOs and the plight of women in developing nations, as well as attempting to draw a relationship between these two stakeholders in our global society. This article also presents evidence to support the hypotheses that NGOs allow women to become more politically and socially active through government-neutral involvement, but also hinder their health and job prospects by failing to employ local workers and using short-term solutions instead of sustainable ones. Major analysis is conducted on these topics and attempts to determine the correlation between NGOs and their involvement with women in impoverished communities. The article concludes with final comments from the author about their overall experience and thoughts on the issue.Au cours du précédent siècle, les ONG sont rapidement augmentés en nombre et en implication dans plusieurs pays en développement en conséquence de plusieurs crises de santé telles que VIH / SIDA et Ebola. Plusieurs organisations ont aussi été créés pour donner reconnaissance à certaines groupes dans des pays oppressifs, un des plus importants parmi ces groupes étant les femmes. Il est indéniable que les femmes des pays en développement ont été aidés considérablement par la montée des ONG et le phénomène qui s'ensuit d'ONG-isation. Cet article présente un contexte d'à la fois les ONG et la situation des femmes dans les pays en développement et décrit une proposition de recherche pour tenter de déterminer la relation entre ces deux très importantes parties intéressées dans notre société globale. Cette proposition de recherche décrit ses objectives, buts et hypothèses qui concernent divers aspects de la vie d'une femme et ensuite ça décrit pourquoi ceci est un problème important et comment les données vont être obtenues. L'article conclut avec des commentaires finales de l'auteur à propos de leur expérience générale et leurs pensées concernant le problème. 

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