scholarly journals Gift-Giving in Society, Marriage and Its Nature in Law Enforcement in China

2018 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Xingan Li
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Special Regard ◽  
Marriage And Divorce ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Spatial Dimensions

Gift-giving is a prevalent human activity existing in different temporal and different spatial dimensions. Main issues discussed in this article are about gift exchange in socio-legal context, particularly in pertinent to marriage and divorce, as well as law enforcement against offence of bribery in China. The research identifies different modes of gift giving, including gift exchange and unilateral gift-giving. The research further explores into giftgiving by parents before marriage and during family life of their children, with special regard to real estate as a gift. The research also discusses gift as distinguished from and as identified as offence of bribery under Chinese law.La donación es una actividad humana predominante que existe en diferentes dimensiones espaciales temporales y diferentes. Los principales temas discutidos en este artículo son los siguientes: el intercambio de obsequios en el contexto socio-legal, particularmente en lo referente al matrimonio y el divorcio, así como la aplicación de la ley contra el delito de soborno en China. La investigación identifica diferentes modos de donación, incluyendo el intercambio de regalos y donaciones unilaterales. La investigación explora más a fondo la donación de los padres antes del matrimonio y durante la vida familiar de sus hijos, con especial atención a los bienes raíces como un regalo. La investigación también discute el regalo como distinto de y como identificado con el delito de soborno bajo la ley china.

scholarly journals The Provincial Contexts of Paul’s Imprisonments: Law Enforcement and Criminal Procedure in the Roman East

2021 ◽  
pp. 0142064X2198965
Author(s):  
Cédric Brélaz
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Legal Contexts ◽  
Roman East

This article explores the legal contexts which led to the multiple imprisonments experienced by the Paul of the letters (as attested in particular by Phil. 1.13) and depicted also in Acts, contrasting these with the numerous occasions where the apostle faced opposition or even violence from local populations and authorities without being jailed. By looking at the realities of law enforcement operations and criminal procedures in the Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, this article helps reassess two major issues with regard to the rise of Christ-groups from the middle of the first to the beginning of the second century, namely: For what reasons were Christians arrested and imprisoned by Roman authorities? What was the agenda of the author of Acts in paying so much attention to the legal context of Paul’s arrest and later transfer to the emperor’s court?

Rembrandt, Vermeer, and the Gift in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Zell
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Dutch Art ◽  
Dutch Golden Age ◽  
Symbolic Economy ◽  
The Gift ◽  
New Perspective

This book offers a new perspective on the art of the Dutch Golden Age by exploring the interaction between the gift's symbolic economy of reciprocity and obligation and the artistic culture of early modern Holland. Gifts of art were pervasive in seventeenth-century Europe and many Dutch artists, like their counterparts elsewhere, embraced gift giving to cultivate relations with patrons, art lovers, and other members of their social networks. Rembrandt also created distinctive works to function within a context of gift exchange, and both Rembrandt and Vermeer engaged the ethics of the gift to identify their creative labor as motivated by what contemporaries called a love of art

scholarly journals The Politics of Gift Exchange in Early Qajar Iran, 1785–1834

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 550-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assef Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Political History ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
The Political ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Center Periphery

AbstractThis article uses gift-giving practices in early nineteenth-century Iran as a window onto statecraft, governance, and center-periphery relations in the early Qajar state (1785–1925). It first demonstrates that gifts have a long history in the administrative and political history of Iran, the Persianate world, and broader Eurasia, before highlighting specific features found in Iran. The article argues that the pīshkish, a tributary gift-giving ceremony, constituted a central role in the political culture and economy of Qajar Iran, and was part of the process of presenting Qajar rule as a continuation of previous Iranian royal dynasties. Nevertheless, pīshkish ceremonies also illustrated the challenges Qajar rulers faced in exerting power in the provinces and winning the loyalty of provincial elites. Qajar statesmen viewed gifts and bribes, at least at a discursive level, in different terms, with the former clearly understood as an acceptable practice. Gifts and honors, like the khil‘at, presented to society were part of Qajar rulers' strategy of presenting themselves as just and legitimate. Finally, the article considers the use of gifts to influence diplomacy and ease relations between Iranians and foreign envoys, as well as the ways in which an inadequate gift could cause offense.

Refugees welcome: Arrival gifts, reciprocity, and the integration of forced migrants

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker M Heins ◽  
Christine Unrau
Keyword(s):  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Culturally Different ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Key Questions

Against competing political theories of the integration of immigrants, we propose to reframe the relationship between the populations of host countries and arriving refugees in terms of a neo-Maussian theory of gift exchange. Using the example of the European refugee crisis of 2015 and the welcoming attitude of significant parts of German civil society, we argue that this particular situation should be understood as epitomizing the trend toward internal transnationalism. Increasingly, the “international” is becoming part and parcel of the “domestic” sphere. Since Marcel Mauss was concerned with the question of how separate, culturally different communities can establish ties of solidarity and cooperation between each other, we use his work to answer key questions about the relations between international refugees and native citizens in their home countries: What are the expectations underlying gift-giving in the context of welcoming refugees? Should refugees feel obliged to repay the arrival gifts? How should we deal with the normative ambivalence of gift-giving and its potentially humiliating effects on those who receive gifts but are unable to reciprocate? Most importantly, how does gift theory help us to clarify the very concept of integration which is at the heart of recent debates on the ethics of immigration?

Gift-giving as a Source of International Authority

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorg Kustermans
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
External Source ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
International Authority ◽  
To Come ◽  
Dominant Actor

Abstract This article discusses the diplomatic practice of gift-giving in the Ancient Near East and Early Modern East Asia. In both cases, gift-exchange served to consolidate the dominant polity’s international authority. The causal relation between gift-giving and authority is typically rendered in terms of generosity inspiring gratitude, but a different mechanism connects diplomatic gift-giving and the consolidation of international authority. Diplomatic gift-giving is a ceremonial form of gift-exchange and it as a ritual practice helps maintain international authority. By means of ritualization, diplomatic gift-exchange renders international authority palatable. Ritualization enables both dominant and subordinate actors to come to terms with the ambiguity of the experience of authority. Subordinate actors are at once entranced and frightened by the authority of the dominant actor. The dominant actor feels both pride and insecurity. By defining an identity as participants in a shared ritual, by orchestrating their demeanor during ritual, and by identifying an external source of the dominant actor’s authority, diplomatic gift-giving contributes to the maintenance of international authority. The ambiguity of the experience of authority is probably irreducible. It is therefore to be expected that any case of ‘international authority’ will feature the performance of similar ritualizing practices.

Residential Policy in Market Economies

Equilibrium ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kędzierska
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Advanced Economy ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Living Space ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Government ◽  
Stimulation Of

Living space plays an important role in the hierarchy of human everyday requirements. Not only does it alleviating the basic requirements, but also those of the superior rows. The proper residential conditions are the foundation of the development of the family life and, in the wider context, the whole societies. Consequently, residential requirement are of particular interest to the state, in fact, in modern advanced economy, the residential problem should be regarded as a preemptive public task. However, it does not mean that the government is obliged to substitute for the citizens in their aspirations to own an apartment. To the contrary, its role should concentrate on regulation rather than stimulation of the real estate market.

Rembrandt’s Art as Gift

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Zell
Keyword(s):  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Art World ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Dutch Art ◽  
Gift Economy ◽  
The Gift

This chapter examines Rembrandt’s embrace of gift exchange over his career and analyzes the works he created to function as gifts among favored patrons, collectors, and intimates. Rembrandt’s gifts to important patrons and other figures in the 1630s largely conform to the conventions and courtesies expected of gift transactions. From the late 1640s through the 1660s, as Rembrandt’s primary supporters shifted to liefhebbers, gentlemen-dealers, and cultured members of the burgher class, however, he intensified his engagement and became more experimental with gift giving. Through highly distinctive prints designed to circulate as gifts, Rembrandt enlisted the gift economy to nurture ties with his inner sanctum, harnessing the ethics of gift giving to cultivate a unique position in the Dutch art world.

Gift-giving in Byzantine Diplomacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165
Author(s):  
Jorg Kustermans
Keyword(s):  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
The North ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Crucial Part

Summary Gift exchange was an integral and crucial part of Byzantine diplomacy. The practice of Byzantine gift-giving varied with diplomatic context. The main division is that between Byzantine diplomacy with Muslim rulers and Byzantine diplomacy with (Christian) rulers to the North and West. While the former happened on a more egalitarian footing, the latter was structured in more explicitly hierarchical terms. This difference was reflected in the practice of gift exchange: in who participated, how they comported themselves and the nature of the objects being exchanged. Even so, in both contexts, the function of diplomatic gift-giving was to claim and justify authority, be that the authority of the One (Byzantine Emperor) over the Many (Christian rulers, people of the Roman lands), or the authority of the Few (Byzantine Emperor and Muslim Caliph) over the Many (their respective subordinates).

The Soldiers’ City

2013 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-226
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Community Leadership ◽  
The South ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Real Estate Developers ◽  
West Los Angeles

The Pacific Branch of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, a domicile and hospital for Union veterans of the Civil War, opened west of Los Angeles in 1888 on land donated by real-estate developers. Barrett Villa Tract, a development of small plots later renamed Sawtelle, was established outside the south gate of the Soldiers’ Home. There veterans bought homes where they could “live out” and enjoy family life while continuing to avail themselves of the services of the Pacific Branch. Sawtelle incorporated as a city in 1906 but consolidated with Los Angeles in 1922. Issues of Pacific Branch members’ votes, behavior, and community leadership mark Sawtelle’s history. Union veterans played a significant role in the development of West Los Angeles.

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