scholarly journals Stereological analysis of the vascular network in superior colliculi

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-259
Author(s):  
Igor Sladojević ◽  
Teodora Prerad ◽  
Mirjana Mršić

Background/Aim: Superior colliculi have an important role in the visual system, some motor functions and behaviour. Branches of the posterior cerebral artery and surrounding vessels form a collicular arterial network, which gives rise to several penetrating vessels for superior colliculi. The aim of the study was to determine relative stereological parameters (volume, surface and length density) of the vascular network in superior colliculi and to correlate those parameters with age. Methods: Ten adult brainstems, both male and female, were cut transversally at the middle of superior colliculi in three-millimetre-thick strata. Every stratum was cut in 4 µm thick semiserial sections stained with Mallory method. Images of every fifth section (5, 10, 15, 20) of superior colliculus were taken with "Leica" DM 1000 microscope and "Leica" MC 170HD camera under x 400 magnification and analysed by ImageJ software with A 100 grid. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS software with 5 % level of significance using methods of descriptive statistics, Spearman's and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The average volume density of vascular network in superior colliculi was 0.0203 mm 0 , surface density 6.133 mm-1 , and length density 205.357 mm-2. All those parameters decreased with ageing, but statistically significant change was seen only in length density (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Compared to the structures at the same transversal level, the vascular network of superior colliculi has an average density. With ageing, blood vessels become less tortuous.

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Brunah De Oliveira Buche ◽  
Bruno Gusso ◽  
Maria Fernanda Torres ◽  
Mariana Dalledone ◽  
Fernanda Mara Paiva Bertoli ◽  
...  

OBJECTIVE: Human saliva has numerous components that are important for maintaining oral health. We investigated the association between iron levels in saliva in children and their caries experience.METHODS: We conducted a case-control study that included 186 healthy children, aged 11-14 years. The decayed-filled teeth/decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) score was estimated according to the Brazilian Oral Health Project. The children were divided into two groups: caries-free group (DMFT=0, n=55) and caries experience group (DMFT≥1, n=131). Saliva was collected from each child using the spitting method and analyzed for stimulated saliva flow (SSF), pH, and iron levels. The SSF, pH, and salivary iron levels were analyzed for statistical assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity and compared between groups. All of the statistical tests were performed using R and SPSS software, with a level of significance of 0.05.RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in mean pH were found between groups (t=-0.0488, p=0.51). Children with caries experience had significantly lower salivary iron levels than caries-free children (w=5088, p<0.0001). The SSF values were significantly different between children with caries experience and children without caries (w=4198, p=0.03).CONCLUSION: Salivary iron levels were significantly lower in children with dental caries experience, suggesting that salivary iron plays a role in maintaining oral health.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Janusz Nowak ◽  
Wojciech Przystupa ◽  
Anna Krawczuk

AbstractThe article presents results of research on the bulk and shaken density of two commercial fertilizers: Pulgran urea and universal nitrogen fertilizer Salmag. A statistical analysis of the obtained results of average density at the assumed level of significance proved a significant difference between shaken and bulk density investigated with the use of Engelsmann apparatus and shaken density tested with a laboratory shaker for both investigated fertilizers. The obtained test results and uncertainty of the measured values served for calculation of uncertainty of the standard complex bulk and shaken density determined in case of many uncertainties. Further, an analysis of the impact of error sources on the value of complex uncertainty was conducted. The final results of the measurement were presented according to the convention of the Central Office of Measures.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42.1 ◽  
pp. 7139-7152
Author(s):  
Guiguindibaye MADJIMBE ◽  
Goy SARADOUM ◽  
Touroumgaye GOALBAYE ◽  
Esaïe WAYA ◽  
Jonathan POUNAKOUMNA

1 RÉSUMÉ La présente étude a pour but d’étude la dynamique des peuplements ligneux dans le Parc National de Manda. Elle vise à déterminer les caractéristiques structurales, la composition spécifique et la régénération des peuplements ligneux. Quatre sites ont été implantés depuis 2012. Nous avons procédé à la caractérisation des peuplements ligneux par des relevés dendrométriques. La flore ligneuse dans l’ensemble des sites est riche de 87 espèces reparties en 56 genres et 22 familles. Les sites 1 et 2 ont des effectifs plus élevés en 2019 comparativement en 2014 et en 2012. Une forte régénération s’est effectuée durant l’année 2019. Contrairement aux sites, 1 et 2, les sites 3 et 4 présentent pour l’année 2019 une forte baisse des effectifs de jeunes plants. Ces jeunes plants sont très sensibles non seulement à la disponibilité des ressources en eau pour franchir la saison sèche mais aussi à l’intensité et à la fréquence de passage des feux. Les résultats ont permis de noter que la densité moyenne entre 2012 et 2014 s’est accrue et à partir de 2014 elle s’est stabilisée. La surface terrière par hectare est, en moyenne de 10,12 m2/ha pour 2012 ; 11,16 m2/ha pour l’année 2014 et de 11, 65 m2/ha pour l’année 2019. Pour l’ensemble des sites expérimentaux, on évalue le volume moyen de bois sur pieds à 12,31 m3/ha en 2012, à 12,46 m3/ha en 2014 et 12,08 m3/ha en 2019. Ces valeurs indiquent que les variations de volume moyen de bois sur pieds sont très faibles pour les sites pris dans leur ensemble. Les résultats obtenus, montrent aussi que 8 espèces se situent dans un processus d’évolution régressive et 4 autres dans un processus d’évolution progressive. La structure des peuplements ligneux n’a pas beaucoup évolué en 8 ans mais, elle apparaît fortement tributaire de la topographie et de la pression anthropique. ABSTRACT Dynamic of the woody populations in the National Park of Manda, to the south of Chad The purpose of this study is to study the dynamics of woody stands in the Manda National Park. It aims to determine the structure, specific composition and regeneration of woody stands. Four sites have been established since 2012. We have characterized the woody stands by dendrometric surveys. The woody flora in all sites is rich in 87 species divided into 56 genera and 22 families. Sites 1 and 2 have higher numbers in 2019 compared to 2014 and 2012. Strong regeneration took place in 2019. Unlike sites 1 and 2, sites 3 and 4 present for the year 2019 a sharp decline in the number of young plants; these seedlings are very sensitive not only to the availability of water resources to cross the dry season but also to the intensity and frequency of fire. The results showed that the average density between 2012 and 2014 increased and from 2014 it stabilized. The basal area per hectare is, on average, 10.12 m2 / ha for 2012; 11.16 m2 / ha for the year 2014 and 11, 65 m2 / ha for the year 2019. For all the experimental sites, the average volume of standing timber is estimated at 12.31 m3/ ha in 2012, 12.46 m3 / ha in 2014 and 12.08 m3 / ha in 2019. These values indicate that variations in average volume of standing timber are very low for sites taken as a whole. The results obtained also show that 8 species are in a process of regressive evolution and 10 in a process of gradual evolution. The structure of woody stands has not changed much in 8 years, but it appears highly dependent on topography and anthropogenic pressure.


2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baigo Hamuna ◽  
Sri Pujiyati ◽  
Lisiard Dimara ◽  
Nyoman Metta N. Natih ◽  
Alianto

A study was conducted to estimate the distribution and density of demersal fish in Youtefa Bay, Papua, Indonesia, using hydroacoustic technology. The hydroacoustic survey was carried out using a single beam echosounder SIMRAD EK-15 which operates at a frequency of 200 kHz. The hydroacoustic data was processed using Echoview software with a threshold between -70.00 to -34.00 dB. Schooling fish were detected at a maximum distance of 3 m from the seabed, with average volume backscattering strength ranging between -60.13 and -42.01 dB. The demersal fish density in the Youtefa Bay ranged from 0.09 to 42.19 fish m-3 with an average density of 12.62 fish m-3. The schools of demersal fish were dominantly detected in the coastal waters of Enggros Village to Abe Pantai Village. The condition of substrate and water depth seems to influence the spatial and vertical distribution of demersal fish in the Youtefa Bay.


Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joey English ◽  
Steven Hetts ◽  
Alex El-Ali ◽  
Pallav Kolli ◽  
Loi Do ◽  
...  

Introduction: The rabbit small clot embolic model for large vessel occlusion (LVO) is well established, yet remains with limitations. Blind introduction of autologous thrombus often fails to occlude the target vessel, and when successful, the precise timing of occlusion and revascularization are difficult to control. Studies of cellular biology and neuroimaging of acute reversible cerebral ischemia (i.e., penumbral tissue) would benefit from a rabbit model in which LVO can be reliably induced and easily confirmed, where the time of occlusion and revascularization can be precisely controlled. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that microcatheterization of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in New Zealand white rabbits (NZWRs) would result in LVO, with time of revascularization controlled by microcatheter removal. We hypothesized that transient LVO would produce ischemia in subcortical structures supplied by the PCA (e.g., hippocampus), sparing the cortex, with longer duration LVO leading to irreversible cortical ischemia. Methods: Transfemoral 1.5F microcatheterization of the PCA was performed in anesthetized NZWRs using fluoroscopic guidance. LVO was maintained for 30 minutes (n=2), 60 minutes (n=2), 180 minutes (n=2) and 210 minutes (n=1), followed by microcatheter removal and reperfusion. Neuroimaging was obtained 3 hours later with MRI (3T DWI, FLAIR, gradient and perfusion sequences) and CT (64 slice noncontrast and perfusion imaging). Post-mortem histologic analysis of infarct was assessed using triphenyltetrazolium choloride (TTC) stain. Matched DWI and TTC sections were analyzed using ImageJ software. Results: Percent infarct of matched DWI and TTC sections was strongly correlated (r2 = 0.86). Transient LVO of 30-60 minutes resulted in infarction of the ipsilateral hippocampus and thalamus, sparing the cortex, while more prolonged LVO (180-210 minutes) led to cortical infarction as well. Conclusions: Image-guided microcatheter induction of LVO in NZW rabbits can reliably produce time-dependent infarction of cortical and subcortical structures, and thus may be a useful model for the study of penumbral cortical tissue.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 360-367
Author(s):  
Aminur Rahaman

Hematological factors may be useful in determining the best physical performance of various game participants. It also indicates the athletes’ health and physical condition. This study deals with the analysis of hematological variables-red blood cells, white blood cells (, eosinophil, lymphocytes, ), and platelet among university men basketball, volleyball, and cricket players. Fourteen (14) active players (basketball-5, volleyball-5, and cricket-4) were taken as samples and age range years. All players were actively competing at Inter-University levels in their respected they voluntarily participated in this study. Blood samples were collected in the morning session with fasting. Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet counts were criterion measures in this study. The obtained data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with the help of SPSS software and the level of significance was set at p&lt;0.05. As per the statistical analysis, insignificant differences were found among the three different game players. In summary, the study found that the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet counts are similar in the three groups.


Author(s):  
Vijayakumar Kathirgamam ◽  
Mandar Ambike ◽  
Raju Bokan ◽  
Vaishaly Bharambe ◽  
Arun Prasad

Introduction: Human body types (somatotypes) are classified into ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph. The ectomorphs are physically weak and usually tall. Mesomorphs were characterized as muscular, thick skinned with good upright posture. Endomorphs characterized as fat, heavy, and usually short. Methods: This study is an interventional study, in which a total number of 45 healthy male volunteers between the age group of 22 and 28 years were observed. Written consent was obtained from the patients after a detailed explanation of the study. Exercises were prescribed and executed based on the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility were assessed. Results: The statistical analyses were done using the SPSS software version 16 executed at a 95% confidence interval. Mean and standard deviations were calculated by descriptive statistics. A paired t-test was done to find the effectiveness of the intervention. The level of significance in all tests was set to p < 0.05. Positive changes were observed in health-related fitness among the three groups. Conclusion: This study reports about finding the somatotypes, and exercising based on that will provide the best results in health-related fitness components designed by the ACSM.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Joshian N.W. Schaduw

The research aimed at monitoring the condition of mangrove communities in Batanta Island and Salawati Island, Raja Ampat District, West Papua Province. It used method developed by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences Research Center for Oceanography (P2O LIPI). Method in determining the percentage for the coverage of mangrove communities used a hemispherical photography and the data analysis used ImageJ software in excel tabulation. The result showed that mangrove canopy coverage has decreased from 85.73% in 2017 to 84.14% in 2018. Since the observations in 2015, the percentage of mangroves had no significant change. In average the percentage increased as much as 3.45% from 75.09% in 2015 to 78.54% in 2016. Moreover, it increased again by 7.20% in 2017 (85.73%). It indicates that the average change percentage of mangroves is not significant, and it can be concluded that the mangrove ecosystem in this area does not degrade significantly and has a good growth rate. The average density value was 1254.3 trees per hectare in the period of 2016-2018 or it increased to about 16.5% since 2015. The number of species found at the observation site were 5 species (Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum) scattered in eight observation stations. From these results it can be concluded that mangrove condition at the research location is stable and gets support for the survival of biota associated therein.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Momo Solefack M. C. ◽  
Kamga Y. B. ◽  
Nguetsop V. F. ◽  
Tiokeng B. ◽  
Avana - Tientcheu M. L. ◽  
...  

In order to find strategies for sustainable management of resources, a study was carried out on the analysis and management of stands of Gnidia glauca in the Kilum-Ijim region (North-West Cameroon). All individuals were identified and counted in 33 plots of 40mx40m established between 1963 and 2785 m altitude in these Gnidia glauca formations. The height and diameter of each individual were measured. A quadrat of 1m² was established around the mature trees to evaluate the regeneration. ANOVA was used to compare the average density of the species in various plots and the DUNCAN test at the 5% significance level (SPSS software version 17.0) was used to separate these means. It emerges from this study that the Thymelaeaceae (G. glauca) family is mainly represented. The Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae are the most diverse families in these formations. The distribution of individuals of G. glauca in diameter classes shows a decreasing pattern. The low density of G. glauca is observed at low altitudes (166.66 stems / hectare), and the high density is between 2350 and 2450 m (778.18 stems / ha). The average standing densities of G. glauca varies between 64.58 and 459.37 stems per hectare; these values indicate a good regeneration of this species in the site. G. glauca can therefore be rationally exploited in a sustainable way for the well-being of the surrounding human populations.


Geophysics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Maxant

Gamma‐gamma logs were used to study the density of sedimentary rocks and formations in the Western Canada basin. The frequency distributions of density of all the main rock types have negative skewness, a characteristic that seems to be a general feature of density distributions of rocks based on well logging. The frequency distributions of density for sandstone and limestone were not found to be different from those of shale and dolomite, respectively, at the 0.01 level of significance. Several density‐depth functions were applied to the shale samples. Athy's (1930) exponential function provided the best fit to observed values. Using this function, the average thickness of sediments removed by denudation in south and central Alberta was calculated to be 4400 or 3600 ft on the assumption that the density of the original surface clay was 1.4 or [Formula: see text], respectively. Maps of average density for six formations in Alberta and Saskatchewan indicate only a partial correlation with lithology and depth. A large scattering of density with depth was found in the case of four Cretaceous formations in which density was observed to be independent of the sandstone/shale ratio. In the case of one formation containing predominantly shale, no obvious dependence on depth was found. Also, no relationship between density and the occurrence of oil and gas fields was apparent.


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