scholarly journals Sensory processing disorders in premature infants

Praxis medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Jelena Todorović ◽  
Mirjana Petrović-Lazić
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Neonatal Unit ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sensory Processing Disorders ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Introduction. Children born prematurely have an increased risk of immediate medical complications, as well as socioemotional, cognitive, linguistic and sensory processing disorders later in life. Studies have examined the effects of prematurity on developmental outcomes, such as cognition, however, there is a need for a more detailed examination of sensory processing disorders in preterm infants. Not only is prenatal neurosensory development interrupted in utero, but these children may also experience intense stimulation in the neonatal unit, which can further alter the development and function of the sensory system. Objective. The paper presents an overview of research on sensory processing disorders in premature infants, with special emphasis on the impact of the environment of the neonatal unit. Method. Insight into the relevant literature was performed by specialized search engines on the Internet and insight into the electronic database. Results. Sensory processing disorders affect 39% to 52% of newborns born prematurely, with some evidence to suggest that children born before 32 weeks are most at risk. The literature to date has consistently reported difficulties in sensory modulation of preterm infants, within the tactile, vestibular, auditory, oral, and visual domains. Conclusion. Sensory processing disorders in preterm infants appear to occur as a result of their immature neurological and biological system and being in the environment of a neonatal intensive care unit, which is unable to meet the sensory needs of preterm infants. Altered sensory experiences, during periods of neurodevelopmental vulnerability and fragility, can result in sensory processing disorders, which may include enhanced responses or less response to stimuli (hyper or hyposensitivity).

scholarly journals Seasonal variation in the prevalence of profound hyponatremia (<125 mmol/l) in patients on admission to an acute hospital in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobukazu Sasaki ◽  
Yuji Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Acute Hospital ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Hyponatremia is a common but important electrolyte disorder mostly complicated with other diseases. Recently, we experienced a case of a hypertensive patient in her seventies taking a thiazide diuretic, who presented with disorientation due to severe hyponatremia (serum sodium level, 104 mmol/l) on admission. Taking this opportunity, patients with profound hyponatremia (<125 mmol/l) on admission were investigated. Patients newly admitted to Matsumoto Medical Center (an acute hospital) were surveyed retrospectively for one year from May 1, 2016 to April 30, 2017. Patients with profound hyponatremia on admission were selected, and their clinical characteristics were evaluated. A total of 108 out of 4223 patients (2.6%; 67 men, 41 women) showed profound hyponatremia, and 101 out of 108 patients were 65 years old and over. The prevalence of profound hyponatremia in the warm season of April to October (3.1%, 76 in 2444 patients) was significantly ( p = 0.002, χ2 test) higher than that in the cold season of November to March (1.8%, 32 in 1779 patients). The monthly prevalence tended to correlate with the monthly average temperature of the local area ( r = 0.517, p = 0.085). There were six patients treated with thiazide diuretics in the warm season, while there were no such patients in the cold season, not reaching a significant difference ( p = 0.240). The present study demonstrated an increased risk of hyponatremia in elderly patients during the warm season. Considering also the relevant literature, health professionals should pay enough attention to thiazide- or drug-induced hyponatremia and the impact of water/salt intake for heat exposure.

Communities of practice as an initiative for knowledge sharing in business organisations: a literature review

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abobakr Aljuwaiber
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Potential Barriers ◽  
Organisational Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose This paper aims to review the research and to summarise the evidence on communities of practice (CoPs) as a tool for sharing knowledge. It will highlight the related literature from the past two decades by looking at potential barriers, solutions and influential factors regarding CoPs within business organisations. Design/methodology/approach The study consists of a constructed approach to determine the sources for the review that covers relevant literature on the topic of CoPs. Findings This paper provides insights about the important role of CoPs in fostering knowledge-sharing within business organisations. It suggests that the impact of globalisation has encouraged many business firms to intentionally establish CoPs as a vital tool for knowledge management (KM) initiatives. It also appears that the importance of the three organisational factors – top management, structure and culture – lies in their ability to have a direct effect on intentionally established CoPs within business organisations. Research limitations/implications The paper suggests a number of ways in which intentionally established CoPs can be developed within business companies. This paper limited its review to three organisational factors. Investigation of other organisational factors is needed. Originality/value This paper provides a detailed insight into the management literature on CoPs as an initiative for knowledge sharing within business organisations.

scholarly journals Insecticide Exposure and Risk of Asthmatic Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Jiraporn Chittrakul ◽  
Ratana Sapbamrer ◽  
Wachiranun Sirikul
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical Opinion ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Insecticide Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

The incidence of respiratory disease is increasing. In relation to this, in addition to infection, factors associated with working with chemical insecticides are a cause for concern. Some of the chemicals involved have been shown to affect the respiratory system, and consequentially workers are at increased risk of conditions such as asthma. However, medical opinion around this area is still controversial; therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the association between exposure to insecticides and asthma by means of a systematic review of the relevant literature. Relevant literature was identified, and a systematic review was conducted to investigate the association between exposure to insecticides and asthma. A total of five studies (three cross sectional and two cohort) including 45,435 subjects were identified as relevant. The summary odds ratios related to the impact of exposure to specific insecticides on asthma were organophosphates 1.31 (95%CI = 1.17–1.48, I2 = 27%, p = 0.172), carbamates 1.44 (95%CI 1.08–1.92, I2 = 56.7%, p = 0.031) and organochlorines 1.31 (95%CI 1.19–1.64, I2 = 37.3%, p = 0.131). Farmers exposed to certain insecticides may have an increased risk of asthma and asthmatic symptoms, but further research on that issue is urgently needed.

scholarly journals The Effects of Ranitidine Treatment on the Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants: A Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Zlatan Zvizdic ◽  
Emir Milisic ◽  
Asmir Jonuzi ◽  
Sabina Terzic ◽  
Denisa Zvizdic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Stress Ulcers ◽  
H2 Blockers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Gastric acidity plays an important role in the protection of infants against various pathogens from the environment. The histamine-2 receptor blockers (H2-blockers) are off-labeled drugs that are frequently prescribed in preterm neonates to prevent stress ulcers. The impact of the H2-blockers on the development of the necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants is still controversial, particularly in the developing world. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-two preterm infants were enrolled in the study. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify potential postnatal risk factors associated with NEC. Results: Preterm infants (n = 51) with total NEC, medical NEC, and surgical NEC had the highest rate of receiving ranitidine compared with controls (n = 71) (39.2%, 19.6%, and 47.6%, p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that ranitidine use and nosocomial infections were significantly associated with NEC development (odds ratios 1.55 and 3.3). Conclusions: We confirm that ranitidine administration was associated with an increased risk of NEC in preterm infants. H2-blockers use should be only administered in very strictly selected cases after careful consideration of the risk-benefit ratio.

scholarly journals Safety of Cow’s Milk-Derived Fortifiers Used with an All-Human Milk Base Diet in Very Low Birthweight Preterm Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Alan Lucas ◽  
Maushumi Assad ◽  
Jan Sherman ◽  
John Boscardin ◽  
Steven Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Very Low Birthweight ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Preterm Formula ◽  
The Impact

Background: Very low birthweight (VLBW) preterm infants fed mothers own milk (MOM) need nutritional supplementation, traditionally achieved with cow’s milk derived fortifier (CMDF) and preterm formula (PTF) if MOM is insufficient. CM products have been associated with diverse major morbidities. The current recommendation is to preferentially replace PTF with donor milk (DM) to produce a 100% human milk (HM) base diet, usually fortified with CMDF. Objective: To identify whether CMDF, even when fed with a 100% HM base diet, is related to an increased risk of major morbidities. Methods: We identified a randomized trial with an all-HM base diet, comparing CMDF with a fortifier derived from human milk (HMDF), and two additional studies of this design were generated from raw data as subgroup analyses of a randomized controlled trial and a quasi-experimental study. Using these studies, we calculated the impact of CMDF on major morbidities of death, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Results: Each study individually provided support for an increase in major morbidities with CMDF. Meta-analyses of pooled data showed that compared to HMDF, the CMDF group had large in- creases in NEC (RR = 3.3; P = .001), ROP (RR = 2.2; P = .007), PDA (RR = 1.6; P = .009), interruption of feeding (RR = 3.4; P = .001) and a positive mortality/morbidity index based on one or more of death, NEC, sepsis, ROP and BPD (RR = 1.4; P = .006). Conclusions: Despite the increased use of HM in modern neonatal care as a base diet, we found a greater risk of critical morbidities with CMDF compared with HMDF. This burden of morbidity provides evidence that the benefits of an HM base diet, might be, in part, counteracted by multiple adverse outcomes relating to the use of CMDF.

Upper airway chemoreflex responses to saline and water in preterm infants

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1412-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Davies ◽  
J. S. Koenig ◽  
B. T. Thach
Keyword(s):  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Bolus Administration ◽  
Central Apnea ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Saline Bolus ◽  
Prolonged Apnea

Laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) responses elicited by fluid irrigation of the larynx have been described repeatedly in animals, whereas evidence for a similar reflex in human infants is extremely limited. Using nasopharyngeal catheters to instill small volumes of warm saline or water into the pharynx, we examined the incidence and characteristics of such a reflex in nine premature infants. Saline and water elicited the same pattern of responses, which frequently included swallows, central apnea, and airway obstruction and less commonly featured coughs, prolonged apnea, and arousal. With the exception of arousal, the incidence of these responses was significantly greater after delivery of water stimuli than after saline bolus administration. We therefore deduce chemoreceptor involvement in generation of these reflex responses and propose a laryngeal site for this sensory system, as in animals. Since greater potency of water compared with saline was demonstrable in all the infants studied, we further conclude that most preterm infants possess an upper airway chemoreflex.

scholarly journals Evolution of circulating thyroid hormone levels in preterm infants during the first week of life: perinatal influences and impact on neurodevelopment

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
An Eerdekens ◽  
Gunnar Naulaers ◽  
Els Ortibus ◽  
Johan Verhaeghe ◽  
Lies Langouche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcome ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Low T3 ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Total Thyroxine ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background For several decades, transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity (THOP) has been a topic of debate. The pathophysiology is incompletely understood and consensus on the therapeutic approach is lacking. This study aimed at gaining a better insight into the pathogenesis by studying the trends in thyroid hormone (TH) levels during the first week of life. Methods This single-center prospective observational study analyzed the plasma levels of total thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine (fT4), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and T4-binding globulin (TBG) in cord blood and at the end of the first week of life in 120 preterm infants (gestational age [GA] <37 weeks). The change over time was calculated (delta, ∆). The impact of perinatal and subsequently postnatal variables on ∆ was studied by hierarchical multiple regression. The impact of ∆ on the neurodevelopmental outcome at the corrected ages of 9 and 24 months, measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)-II, was assessed by logistic regression. Results ∆fT4 levels were negatively affected by GA and use of dopamine, whereas only GA was associated with low ∆T3 levels. Negative ∆fT4 levels were present in 75% of the extremely low-for-gestational-age infants, whereas 23.5% had a negative ∆T3 level. There was an increased risk for an abnormal mental developmental score (<85) with decreasing ∆T3 at 9 months, corrected age, but not at 24 months. Conclusions A negative evolution in circulating TH levels is principally an immaturity phenomenon, whereas dopamine can further suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. There is at least a temporary negative effect of this evolution on the infants’ neurodevelopment.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Otherwise Healthy Prematurely Born Infants: A Forgotten Majority

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (06) ◽  
pp. 541-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bosco Paes
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractHealthy, premature infants ≤35 weeks' gestational age (wGA) are universally recognized to be at an increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Serious respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection imposes an additional burden of illness on these infants following hospitalization. Incurred morbidities relative to term infants include longer lengths of hospital stay, admission to intensive care, and need for oxygen and mechanical ventilation, all of which are associated with increased hospital costs. The highest morbidities are experienced by premature infants who are youngest (<3 months' chronological age) and are of lower gestational age. Short- and long-term follow-up indicates that healthy preterm infants both of lower gestational age and who are late preterm have obstructive lung function at baseline, which is further compromised by RSV-related infection during infancy. There is increasing evidence that childhood exposure to an episode of RSV infection may set the stage for an abnormal respiratory function trajectory, which, in adulthood, leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Healthy premature infants <32 wGA merit RSV prophylaxis based on existing data, whereas moderate- and high-risk preterm infants 32 to 35 wGA should be selectively and cost-effectively targeted for prophylaxis using validated risk scoring tools and country-specific thresholds for funding.

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