scholarly journals The U.S. National Institutes of Health – Founding A National Biomedical “Innovation Ecosystem”

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Ferguson ◽  
Lynn Johnson Langer
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Innovation Ecosystem ◽  
Biomedical Innovation ◽  
Healthcare Environment ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Biotech Industry ◽  
The Face ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Extramural Research

With its unique system of intramural and extramural research programs, funding for academic and corporate product development, along with its supporting foundations, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has created a vibrant public “innovation ecosystem” that has changed not only the face of healthcare, but has also led to the creation of the biotech industry in the U.S.   Whether your interest in the overall healthcare environment is scientific, medical, educational or commercial, there is something here for you.

Women in Clinical Studies: A Feminist View

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Sherwin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Community ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Feminist Ethics ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Policies ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Significant Factors

There is significant evidence that the health needs of women and minorities have been neglected by a medical research community whose agendas and protocols tend to focus on more advantaged segments of society. In response, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States have recently issued new policies aimed at increasing the utilization of women in clinical studies. As well, the U.S. Congress passed the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, which specifically mandates increased inclusion of women and racial and ethnic groups in clinical studies. On the face of it, such gender and race-specific policies would appear to be morally problematic because traditionally ethics opposes the use of sex or race as legitimate criteria for distributions of benefits or burdens in social policies. Hence, these policies pose some significant moral questions. Feminist ethics provides us with a framework for evaluating such policies because of its readiness to recognize that socially and politically significant factors such as sex and race are morally relevant in setting public policy. Of course, feminist ethics does not simply endorse all appeals to sex and race but only the policies in which attention to such factors will contribute to social justice. In this essay, I Identify some of the Important ethical questions that a feminist ethics perspective raises about research policies devised to promote the Inclusion of women in clinical studies.

HIV

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Sharfstein
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Research Process ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Act Up ◽  
The U.S

The emergence of AIDS in the early 1980s caused a profound crisis for federal health agencies, particularly the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Activists in ACT UP, charging that these agencies were failing patients with AIDS, initiated a series of escalating protests. NIH officials, led by Dr. Anthony Fauci, began to talk with the advocates and make major changes in the research process. However, over at the FDA, a protest involving the arrest of hundreds of AIDS activists undermined the agency’s public health image. Eventually, under a new commissioner, the FDA earned back the trust of activists.

Exploring a 21st-Century Japan-Philippine Security Relationship: Linking Two Spokes Together?

Asian Survey ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Cruz De Castro
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
The Face ◽  
Security Relationship ◽  
The U.S

The article examines Tokyo's efforts to link the Philippine and the Japanese security spokes in the face of Beijing's moves to widen the cleavage between both countries' alliances with the U.S. and render them irrelevant. The article concludes that Manila and Tokyo must first reconfigure a defense relationship that is not merely a military aggregation but a political apparatus enabling them to constructively engage an emergent China.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Performance Assessment vs. the Safety Case Approach

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 987-992
Author(s):  
François Diaz-Maurin ◽  
Rodney C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Uncertainty Quantification ◽  
International Community ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Geologic Repository ◽  
Large Uncertainty ◽  
Safety Case ◽  
The Face ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACTThe “safety case” approach has been developed to address the issue of evaluating the performance of a geologic repository in the face of the large uncertainty that results for evaluations that extend over hundreds of thousands of years. This paper reviews the concept of the safety case as it has been defined by the international community. We contrast the safety case approach with that presently used in the U.S. repository program. Especially, we focus on the role of uncertainty quantification. There are inconsistencies between the initial proposal to dealing with uncertainties in a safety case and current U.S. practice. The paper seeks to better define the safety case concept so that it can be usefully applied to the regulatory framework of the U.S. repository program.

‘Backwards talk’ in Smith Island, Maryland

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-47
Author(s):  
Natalie Schilling
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Central Function ◽  
Smith Island ◽  
The Face ◽  
Nonliteral Language ◽  
Potential Loss ◽  
Community Continuity ◽  
The U.S

This article presents an exploration of the discourse-level phenomenon known as ‘backwards talk’ in Smith Island, a small, endangered dialect community in Maryland’s Chespaeake Bay, on the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. The article examines how backwards talk, basically pervasive, highly creative irony, compares with irony more generally; how it patterns across generations and contexts; how important it is to island residents, who view backwards talk as the defining feature of their dialect; and why the feature has gained such importance in the face of dialect loss - and potential loss of community continuity as well. Because backwards talk is irony, it has important solidarity functions. As playful, nonliteral language, it serves as a symbol of the performed ‘islandness’ that islanders increasingly take up as they come into more and more contact with outsiders. Finally, as a means of offering critical evaluation of outsiders, backwards talk can be seen as a form of anti-language or counterlanguage, with a central function of resistance against outside forces.

scholarly journals Pharma TARP: A Troubled Asset Relief Program for Novel, Abandoned Projects in the Pharmaceutical Industry

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 454-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamas Bartfai ◽  
Graham Vaughan Lees
Keyword(s):  
Drug Approval ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Troubled Asset Relief Program ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
Drug Resistant Epilepsy ◽  
Relief Program ◽  
Bail Out ◽  
The U.S

Within days of each other, Pfizer, Merck, and GlaxoSmithKline announced that they will focus on a few therapeutic areas only and abandon others entirely. Pfizer alone will close well over a hundred drug development projects that have reached two-thirds of the way to launch. The programs are deemed to be too risky and not lucrative enough for Big Pharma in the current climate. Society has a real need for the drugs that are no longer going to be developed for, among others, drug-resistant epilepsy, neuropathic and cancer pain, type-2 diabetes, obesity, and schizophrenia. The authors propose a radical response by the U.S. government and the National Institutes of Health to rescue these abandoned projects, and to continue selected programs for drug approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. The investment required is small compared to the Troubled Asset Relief Program bank bail out, but the return on investment in financial terms and in satisfying societal needs makes this proposal attractive.

scholarly journals Indigenous Lessons about Sustainability Are Not Just for “All Humanity”

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Whyte ◽  
Chris Caldwell ◽  
Marie Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Indigenous Planning ◽  
The Face ◽  
Colonial Oppression ◽  
Planning Concepts ◽  
The U.S

Indigenous peoples are widely recognized as holding insights or lessons about how the rest of humanity can live sustainably or resiliently. Yet it is rarely acknowledged in many literatures that for Indigenous peoples living in the context of settler states such as the U.S. or New Zealand, our own efforts to sustain our peoples rest heavily on our capacities to resist settler colonial oppression. Indigenous planning refers to a set of concepts and practices through which many Indigenous peoples reflect critically on sustainability to derive lessons about what actions reinforce Indigenous self-determination and resist settler colonial oppression. The work of the Sustainable Development Institute of the College of Menominee Nation (SDI) is one case of Indigenous planning. In the context of SDI, we discuss Indigenous planning as a process of interpreting lessons from our own pasts and making practical plans for staging our own futures. If there are such things as Indigenous sustainability lessons for Indigenous peoples, they must be reliable planning concepts and processes we can use to support our continuance in the face of ongoing settler colonial oppression.

Clarence J. Gibbs Effect and the “Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease” Eponym

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012199
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Lanska
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Human Prion Disease ◽  
Professional Affiliation ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
The U.S

In 2014, American neurologist and Nobel laureate Stanley Prusiner reported that microbiologist Clarence Joseph Gibbs at the U.S. National Institutes of Health had intentionally, systematically, and mischievously used the eponym Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), rather than Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease (JCD), because of the correspondence with Gibbs’ own initials to imply “Clarence Joseph’s disease.”The present study examines temporal trends in the use of “Creutzfeldt-Jakob” and “Jakob-Creutzfeldt” in scientific articles and monographs from 1946 to 2019 to assess whether there was a “Clarence J. Gibbs’ effect” that influenced the general use of a specific eponym by the scientific community. During Gibbs’ period of publication on CJD, there was an abrupt, dramatic, and steady increase in use of the CJD eponym while use of the JCD eponym remained at a low level. In the period after Gibbs ceased to publish, there was a corresponding marked fall-off in use of the CJD eponym. Surviving collaborators thought Gibbs may have been joking, but in 1991 Gibbs had admitted what Prusiner reported. Regardless of motive, Gibbs strongly influenced the preferred eponym for this human prion disease by: (1) publishing a seminal and highly referenced initial paper in a high-profile journal; (2) sustained output of further important studies published in high-quality journals over more than 30 years; (3) professional affiliation with an esteemed national laboratory where he worked with a large number of high-profile colleagues; and (4) extensive collaborations with a large number of colleagues, who published multiple further papers using the eponym Gibbs preferred.

Dialectic of Contact

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-117
Author(s):  
Laura Harris
Keyword(s):  
Outer Edge ◽  
Popular Art ◽  
The Face ◽  
Conditions Of Possibility ◽  
The U.S

In this chapter I examine James’s and Oiticica’s entries into the U.S. and their attempts to situate themselves there. Cut off from the contact they had once had with this aesthetic sociality, contact that had radicalized their earlier work, they try to reconstruct the conditions of possibility for something like it in the U.S. They both imagine a kind of communion with the population at large, in communal modes of reception of popular art, but the opportunity for such reception is elusive, already lost or still anticipated, or only temporary, fleeting. In the face of this inconstancy, they work toward the construction of new apparatuses—the Correspondence organization and organ and living and working spaces called “nests”—in and through which they hoped to invite and structure contact, including contact with and between those forces they found most vital in the U.S., the disenfranchised, the marginal, the queer, the ones who precariously inhabit citizenship’s outer edge in modes of aesthetic sociality that were both severely constrained and unprecedentedly open. The new forms of aesthetic sociality James and Oiticica sought would take shape in and through new experimental practices that attempted to reformulate the very idea of work or working as their bases.

“Shut it down! Shut it down!”

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-40
Author(s):  
Jessica DuLong
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Creative Problem Solving ◽  
Shared Purpose ◽  
Port Of New York ◽  
The Face ◽  
Creative Problem ◽  
The U.S

This chapter recounts how, in the face of the massive incident of 9/11, the shared purpose and common ties that connect mariners of all types ruled the day as the different agencies cooperated with civilian boat crews. As it turned out, the lack of a plan wound up setting the stage for creative problem solving and improvisation. Throughout that historic morning, the New York harbor community joined forces to carry out an unprecedented and remarkably successful evacuation effort. As the second attack hit, the U.S. Coast Guard shut down the Port of New York and New Jersey to commercial traffic. Other maritime forces, such as the marine fire company, were also kicked into action.

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