International mega-trends and growth prospects of the Finnish biotechnology industry: Recent economic research and policy implications

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raine Hermans ◽  
Martti Kulvik ◽  
Pekka Ylä-Anttila
Keyword(s):  
Biotechnology Industry ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
Growth Prospects ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Research And Policy

The aim of this paper is to describe recent economic growth forecasts of the Finnish biotechnology industry and provide analysis of the international and industry-specific factors behind these forecasts. The new economic geography of the European regions suggests that spatial agglomeration of economic activities will be strengthened internationally if European integration deepens. In addition to that, the Finnish pharmaceutical industry has enjoyed high regulatory protection and it has achieved similar price mark-ups during the 1970s–1990s to its counterpart in the USA. According to the analysis of small and medium-sized Finnish biotechnology companies, it seems that the most promising biotechnology companies have a well-balanced combination of intellectual capital. Despite expectations of rapid growth, it will take decades rather than years for the biotechnology industry to catch up with the three industrial pillars, the forestry, machinery and electronics industries. To fulfil the expectations, there is a need to build collaboration and financing networks between the biotechnology industry and traditional industries, such as forestry, electronics and pharmaceuticals. Most of the current Finnish biotechnology companies are related to healthcare activities. The Finnish biotechnology industry could offer solutions to the cost crisis in healthcare while at the same time spurring development of an internationally competitive industrial cluster.

scholarly journals Priority problems of the work of Ukrainian customs authorities in the terms of European and Euro-Atlantic integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Oksana Yurynets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Research ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Single European Market ◽  
Permanent Improvement ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Research And Policy

Today, more and more companies focus on problems in customs clearance of products crossing the border during the implementation of export-import activities. In the context of European and Euro- Atlantic integration, which promote the accession of Ukrainian enterprises to the single European market, one of the priority tasks is the urgent solution of existing problems in the customs sphere. After all, one of the integral stages of Ukraine’s economic integration into the European Union is the successful accession of customs authorities to the Customs Union through harmonization of customs procedures with European norms, introduction of common customs principles and permanent improvement of customs activities on the basis of progressive customs instruments. The results of the survey of domestic exporters and importers that was conducted by the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting indicated the following key problems in the work of Ukrainian customs authorities: insufficient quality of customs legislation; low level of transparency and openness of customs authorities; corruption and bribery among customs officers; intentional overstatement of the customs value of goods; low level of quality of technical support of customs authorities; low level of qualification of customs officers; frequent changes in the organizational management structure of customs authorities and their management; burdensome fiscal function of customs authorities. The identified problems in the work of customs authorities of Ukraine in the context of European and Euro-Atlantic integration made it possible to identify priority directions for improving customs procedures: increasing efficiency, transparency and non-discrimination of customs procedures for export-import operations, reducing the cost of customs clearance for export-import, absolute harmonization of domestic customs legislation with European norms, unification of customs procedures with European customs practices in export-import operations, reduction of bureaucracy of customs procedures in export-import operations, optimization of customs payments in export-import operations, etc. The implementation of these directions of improvement of customs procedures in the export-import operations should take place with the use of specific urgent customs instruments, which will promptly solve the existing urgent problems in the work of customs authorities.

scholarly journals The Impact and Cost of Power Load Shedding to Domestic Consumers

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (4I) ◽  
pp. 355-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz A. Pasha ◽  
Wasim Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Load Shedding ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Power Load ◽  
Side Constraints ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The widespread and growing phenomenon of power load shedding has emerged as one of the principal supply-side constraints to growth of the economy of Pakistan. Not only has this led to significant losses of output, employment and exports but also during periods of high outages there have been large-scale protests, particularly in Punjab and KPK. Households have faced severe disruptions due to the high and growing incidence of load shedding. These have led to mass protests on streets resulting in disruption of other economic activities. As such, the economic return of reducing outages and of facilitating the process of adjustment to these outages is likely to be high. This paper provides an approach and methodology for quantifying cost of load shedding to households in Pakistan. It is organised as follows: Section 2 highlights some key trends in the power sector of Pakistan. Section 3 will present a detailed literature review on the methodology used for quantification of costs due to outages. Section 4 describes the methodology used for qualification of costs due to outages and for estimation of willingness to pay. Section 5 presents estimates of the cost of load shedding in the domestic sector of Pakistan. Finally, Section 6 highlights the major policy implications emerging from the research.

scholarly journals Current and future prospects for the global biotechnology industry

10.5912/jcb68 ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiz Kermani ◽  
Pietro Bonacossa
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Biotechnology Industry ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
Dna Technology

The number of biotechnology compounds has been increasing steadily over the past 20 years, reflecting the key contribution that biotechnology is now making to healthcare. Recombinant DNA technology has been used to develop a number of therapeutic proteins, including antibodies, cytokines, hormones and vaccines for use in tackling and diagnosing a range of disorders. Worldwide there are more than 4,000 specialised biotechnology companies. The most well-known companies are located in the USA and Europe, but there are significant companies emerging in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and throughout Asia – particularly in Japan. Most of these companies are small in size and limited when it comes to finances and this has had an impact on the output of the industry in terms of new drugs.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

Main approaches to estimating the cost of shareholder equity of oil and gas producers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-697
Author(s):  
O.V. Shimko
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
The Cost

Subject. The study analyzes generally accepted approaches to assessing the value of companies on the basis of financial statement data of ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Devon Energy, Anadarko Petroleum, EOG Resources, Apache, Marathon Oil, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, Husky Energy, Canadian Natural Resources, Royal Dutch Shell, Gazprom, Rosneft, LUKOIL, and others, for 1999—2018. Objectives. The aim is to determine the specifics of using the methods of cost, DFC, and comparative approaches to assessing the value of share capital of oil and gas companies. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis and generalization of materials of scientific articles and official annual reports on the results of financial and economic activities of the largest public oil and gas corporations. Results. Based on the results of a comprehensive analysis, I identified advantages and disadvantages of standard approaches to assessing the value of oil and gas producers. Conclusions. The paper describes pros and cons of the said approaches. For instance, the cost approach is acceptable for assessing the minimum cost of small companies in the industry. The DFC-based approach complicates the reliability of medium-term forecasts for oil prices due to fluctuations in oil prices inherent in the industry, on which the net profit and free cash flow of companies depend to a large extent. The comparative approach enables to quickly determine the range of possible value of the corporation based on transactions data and current market situation.

The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Implications (The Quaid-i-Azam Memorial Lecture)

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (4I) ◽  
pp. 359-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Evenson
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Regulatory Environment ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Cost Reductions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Export Crops

Pakistan achieved high levels of Green Revolution Modern Variety (GRMV) adoption in the Green Revolution. Pakistan out-performed India and Bangladesh in the Green Revolution. Only China, among major countries, out-performed Pakistan in the Green Revolution. Pakistan does not have the food safety and environmental risk studies in place to support a regulatory environment for biotechnology. In effect, Pakistan is following the “precautionary principle” and applying it to science policy. This paper argues that this is a mistake. Pakistan is paying a “double penalty” for its inability to develop the regulatory systems required to take advantage of genetically modified (GM) crops. Not only does it lose the cost reductions enabled by GM crops, but because other countries have adopted GM crops, world prices are lower as a result and affect Pakistan’s export crops.

STUDY OF CAMEL RATING SYSTEM IN BANKING SUPERVISION- A CASE STUDY OF NEPAL BANGLADESH BANK LTD

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-96
Author(s):  
Dr. S.U. Gawde ◽  
Prof.. Alekha Chandra Panda ◽  
Prof. Devyani Ingale
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Financial Soundness ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Asset Quality

The banking sector  plays in important role in the country’s economy, acting as an intermediary to all industries. As the banking sector has a major impact on the economy as a whole. Performance evaluation of the banking sector is an effective measure and indicator to check the soundness of economic activities of an economy. Many methods are employed to analyse banking performance. One of the popular methods is the CAMELS framework, developed in the early 1970’s by federal regulators in the USA. The CAMELS rating system is based upon an evaluation of six critical elements of a financial institution’s operations: Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management soundness, Earnings and profitability, Liquidity, and Sensitivity to market risk. Under this bank is required to enhance capital adequacy, strengthen asset quality, improve management, increase earnings, maintain liquidity, and reduce sensitivity to various financial risks. In the present study an attempt was made to evaluate the performance & financial soundness of NEPAL BANGLADESH BANK LTD using CAMEL approach. Quantitative parameters are computed and updated on a quarterly basis while in respect of the qualitative parameters the ratings / marks given at the time of previous on-site examination

Denitrification of Sewage Effluents in Deep Bed Sand Filters

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Upton
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Water Plants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pilot Plant Study

The European waste water industry will need to develop denitrification processes to remove nitrogen as pressures increase to reduce nutrient levels discharged in effluents. In the USA deep bed filter technology has been used extensively to provide denitrification to levels less than 5 mg/l TN. This paper describes this technology and the full scale performance at some waste water plants in Florida, USA. This paper also describes a pilot study in the United Kingdom at Severn Trent Water. The results of the pilot plant study indicate that denitrification in deep bed sand filters is a sound robust technology using methanol addition. Nitrogen removals greater than the 70% required in the EC Directive 1991 are possible at winter sewage temperatures. The process is most suitable for achieving nitrogen removal at trickling filter plants. The cost of methanol addition is calculated to be ₤10/1000m3.

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