scholarly journals Governing REDD+: a state of the art review

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Vanessa Cuzziol Pinsky ◽  
Isak Kruglianskas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Global Systems

Climate change is a daunting problem that results in actions-interactions from a number of actors in complex global systems, which require multi-level governance and a myriad of international and national policies. Deforestation is the second largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Success in this area can have a large impact on mitigation. We focus on the governance of ‘Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation’ (REDD+), a large scale experiment in climate finance and a promising cost-effective mitigation mechanism to motivate developing countries to implement policy approaches to reduce forest-related GHG emissions. REDD+, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, is considered a breakthrough mechanism in international cooperation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) regime, as it was designed to be performance-based. In this paper we analyze a state of the art review on governing REDD+ based on a systematic analysis of peer-reviewed articles in the field. Ours results present a historical perspective of REDD+, literature review, and indicate the most relevant works and scholars in the field.

scholarly journals Using plants to remediate or manage metal-polluted soils: an overview on the current state of phytotechnologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e58283
Author(s):  
Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento ◽  
Caroline Miranda Biondi ◽  
Fernando Bruno Vieira da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Vieira Lima
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Current State ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
The Tropics

Soil contamination by metals threatens both the environment and human health and hence requires remedial actions. The conventional approach of removing polluted soils and replacing them with clean soils (excavation) is very costly for low-value sites and not feasible on a large scale. In this scenario, phytoremediation emerged as a promising cost-effective and environmentally-friendly technology to render metals less bioavailable (phytostabilization) or clean up metal-polluted soils (phytoextraction). Phytostabilization has demonstrable successes in mining sites and brownfields. On the other hand, phytoextraction still has few examples of successful applications. Either by using hyperaccumulating plants or high biomass plants induced to accumulate metals through chelator addition to the soil, major phytoextraction bottlenecks remain, mainly the extended time frame to remediation and lack of revenue from the land during the process. Due to these drawbacks, phytomanagement has been proposed to provide economic, environmental, and social benefits until the contaminated site returns to productive usage. Here, we review the evolution, promises, and limitations of these phytotechnologies. Despite the lack of commercial phytoextraction operations, there have been significant advances in understanding phytotechnologies' main constraints. Further investigation on new plant species, especially in the tropics, and soil amendments can potentially provide the basis to transform phytoextraction into an operational metal clean-up technology in the future. However, at the current state of the art, phytotechnology is moving the focus from remediation technologies to pollution attenuation and palliative cares.

scholarly journals Monitoring tropical forest carbon stocks and emissions using Planet satellite data

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Csillik ◽  
Pramukta Kumar ◽  
Joseph Mascaro ◽  
Tara O’Shea ◽  
Gregory P. Asner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Aboveground Carbon ◽  
Lidar Measurements ◽  
High Resolution Map ◽  
Aboveground Carbon Density ◽  
Planet Satellite

AbstractTropical forests are crucial for mitigating climate change, but many forests continue to be driven from carbon sinks to sources through human activities. To support more sustainable forest uses, we need to measure and monitor carbon stocks and emissions at high spatial and temporal resolution. We developed the first large-scale very high-resolution map of aboveground carbon stocks and emissions for the country of Peru by combining 6.7 million hectares of airborne LiDAR measurements of top-of-canopy height with thousands of Planet Dove satellite images into a random forest machine learning regression workflow, obtaining an R2 of 0.70 and RMSE of 25.38 Mg C ha−1 for the nationwide estimation of aboveground carbon density (ACD). The diverse ecosystems of Peru harbor 6.928 Pg C, of which only 2.9 Pg C are found in protected areas or their buffers. We found significant carbon emissions between 2012 and 2017 in areas aggressively affected by oil palm and cacao plantations, agricultural and urban expansions or illegal gold mining. Creating such a cost-effective and spatially explicit indicators of aboveground carbon stocks and emissions for tropical countries will serve as a transformative tool to quantify the climate change mitigation services that forests provide.

scholarly journals Economic and Environmental Benefits from Municipal Solid Waste Recycling in the Murmansk Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10927
Author(s):  
Anton Orlov ◽  
Elena Klyuchnikova ◽  
Anna Korppoo
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Murmansk Region

Most municipal solid waste (MSW) in Russia is disposed of in landfills, and only a relatively small fraction is recycled. The landfilling of waste leads to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and air and groundwater pollution. However, recently, there have been some initiatives to improve waste management in the country. We assessed the economic and environmental benefits of waste recycling in the Murmansk region, in which a new waste recycling plant has been operating since 2019. We found that MSW recycling in the Murmansk region has induced a small, positive, job creation effect and could potentially lead to a non-negligible reduction in GHG emissions. Extrapolating the results from this case study to the country level, we found that recycling landfilled MSW in Russia could save approximately 154 million tons of GHG emissions in carbon dioxide equivalents annually, which is comparable to the total CO2 emissions from Algeria. The positive environmental and health-related impacts from the extensive implementation of MSW recycling in the country could be substantial. From this case study, we also learned that one of the biggest challenges for the waste recycling company in the Murmansk region is finding profitable markets for recycled materials. Moreover, due to the high investment and operational costs, recycling MSW led to a substantial increase in communal fees. However, there is potential to make waste recycling more cost effective. Most MSW in the Murmansk region is still separated at the recycling plant, while separating waste at the source could substantially reduce operational costs. Other challenges in the large-scale implementation of MSW recycling in Russia, such as a lack of investments and the population’s willingness to recycle waste, are also discussed.

Optimal Net-Zero Cost Deep Energy Retrofit of Low-Rise Social Housing Townhouses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Al-Tameemi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Retrofit

Whole building optimization retrofits have been performed for two townhouses in four locations with different climates to find both energy efficiency and cost-effective retrofit solutions across a thirty-year time span analysis. The objective is to find deep energy retrofit packages that can be used for large scale social housing retrofit. The multi-objective optimizations aim to achieve the least annualized related costs, lower initial and operational energy related costs and substantial carbon savings by analyzing one natural gas heated option and four electric heated options (baseboard heating system, central air-source heat pump, ductless mini-split heat pump and ground-source heat pump). Results reveal that prescriptive deep energy retrofit solutions achieved between 78% to 100% site energy reductions through building enclosures improvement, upgrades of HVAC and water heating systems, upgrades of appliances and lighting, and the addition of onsite renewable energy generation. Results also indicate that ductless mini-split heat pump (MSHP) optimized model has lower long-term costs and a shorter modified payback period than the optimized gas-heated model at all locations; thus suggesting that heating electrification is cost effective and can reduce the majority of operational GHG emissions of existing housing stock in locations with low carbon intensity electric grid. (834KB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Calc_Lubna/view (284KB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/AnAl_Lubna/view (4 MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/AnHr_Lubna/view (5MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Wind_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Toro_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Thby_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Otta_Lubna/view

8. Solutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-147
Author(s):  
Mark Maslin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
The Third ◽  
Smart Power Grids

‘Solutions’ outlines the three types of solutions to climate change. The first is adaptation, which is providing protection for the population from the impacts of climate change. Both physical and social adaptations are required to protect people’s lives and livelihoods. The second solution is mitigation, which in its simplest terms is reducing our carbon footprint and thus reversing the trend of ever-increasing GHG emissions. This type of solution includes switching to renewable energy and electric vehicles, fossil-fuel subsidy reforms, smart power grids, sustainable agriculture, reforestation and rewilding. The third solution is geoengineering, which involves large-scale extraction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or modification of the global climate.

scholarly journals Climate change mitigation potential of carbon capture and utilization in the chemical industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (23) ◽  
pp. 11187-11194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Kätelhön ◽  
Raoul Meys ◽  
Sarah Deutz ◽  
Sangwon Suh ◽  
André Bardow
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Carbon Capture And Utilization ◽  
Change Mitigation

Chemical production is set to become the single largest driver of global oil consumption by 2030. To reduce oil consumption and resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, carbon dioxide can be captured from stacks or air and utilized as alternative carbon source for chemicals. Here, we show that carbon capture and utilization (CCU) has the technical potential to decouple chemical production from fossil resources, reducing annual GHG emissions by up to 3.5 Gt CO2-eq in 2030. Exploiting this potential, however, requires more than 18.1 PWh of low-carbon electricity, corresponding to 55% of the projected global electricity production in 2030. Most large-scale CCU technologies are found to be less efficient in reducing GHG emissions per unit low-carbon electricity when benchmarked to power-to-X efficiencies reported for other large-scale applications including electro-mobility (e-mobility) and heat pumps. Once and where these other demands are satisfied, CCU in the chemical industry could efficiently contribute to climate change mitigation.

scholarly journals Effects of large-scale Amazon forest degradation on climate and air quality through fluxes of carbon dioxide, water, energy, mineral dust and isoprene

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1498) ◽  
pp. 1873-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Betts ◽  
Michael Sanderson ◽  
Stephanie Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Climate Feedbacks ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Hadley Centre

Loss of large areas of Amazonian forest, through either direct human impact or climate change, could exert a number of influences on the regional and global climates. In the Met Office Hadley Centre coupled climate–carbon cycle model, a severe drying of this region initiates forest loss that exerts a number of feedbacks on global and regional climates, which magnify the drying and the forest degradation. This paper provides an overview of the multiple feedback process in the Hadley Centre model and discusses the implications of the results for the case of direct human-induced deforestation. It also examines additional potential effects of forest loss through changes in the emissions of mineral dust and biogenic volatile organic compounds. The implications of ecosystem–climate feedbacks for climate change mitigation and adaptation policies are also discussed.

Introduction: The Global Imperative

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
An Inconvenient Truth ◽  
Early Action

The years 2006–2007 represented an intellectual tipping point for climate change advocacy. Over this short period of time, there was ample evidence of a general convergence of understanding between many environmentalists and economists on the perilous threat posed by climate change. In the summer of 2006, the release of Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth turned climate change into an issue of public concern in the United States. The domestic debate that the film helped inspire escalated over the next year to a point where energy policy suddenly became a vote swaying issue in American politics. This development became a topic of interest for the rest of the world because signs of a weakening in American reticence toward climate change mitigation would have significant repercussions for the 128 nations that were struggling to keep the Kyoto Protocol from falling apart. In October 2006, a comprehensive independent study called the Stern Review, commissioned by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom, presented an assessment of the anticipated impacts of climate change. As a foreboding sign of the content which would follow, the report began by describing climate change as “the greatest and widest ranging market failure ever seen”. The report concluded that the long-term costs of climate change were expected to be so great that early action to abate global warming was the most cost-effective alternative. It estimated that the net benefits (benefits less costs) from reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to achieve a stabilization level of 550 parts per million (ppm) by 2050 would be in the neighborhood of US$2.5 trillion. In February 2007, the first of four reports that comprise the Fourth Assessment Report of the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was released. The goal of this first report was to “describe progress in understanding of the human and natural drivers of climate change, observed climate change, climate processes and attribution, and estimates of projected future climate change.”

scholarly journals Comprehensive Accounting for REDD+ Programs: A Pragmatic Approach as Exemplified in Guyana

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Goslee ◽  
Timothy R. H. Pearson ◽  
Blanca Bernal ◽  
Sophia L. Simon ◽  
Hansrajie Sukhdeo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Effective Manner

Completeness is an important element for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) accounting to ensure transparency and accountability. However, including a full accounting for all emission sources in a REDD+ program is often resource-intensive and cost-prohibitive, especially considering that some emission sources comprise far less than 10% of total emissions and are thus considered insignificant according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidance. This is evident in forest reference emission level (FREL)/forest reference level (FRL) submissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Of the 50 countries that have submitted FRELs to date, only half of them include degradation in their FRELs even though degradation is often a significant source of emissions. Half of the countries that do include degradation use satellite imagery without necessarily specifying degrading activities or separating anthropogenic activities. Guyana provides an example of an approach that enables inclusion of all emission sources while considering the significance of each when developing an accounting approach. Since submitting its FREL in 2014, Guyana has made stepwise improvements to its emission estimates so that the country is now able to report on all deforestation and degradation activities resulting in emissions, whether significant or not. Based on the example of Guyana’s efforts, the authors recommend a simple approach to move towards complete accounting in a cost-effective manner. This approach can be scaled to other countries with other activities that results in greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Such complete accounting allows for higher accountability in REDD+ systems and can lead to greater effectiveness in reducing emissions.

scholarly journals Responding to climate change and the global land crisis: REDD+, market transformation and low-emissions rural development

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1619) ◽  
pp. 20120167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Nepstad ◽  
William Boyd ◽  
Claudia M. Stickler ◽  
Tathiana Bezerra ◽  
Andrea A. Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Agricultural Commodity ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Market Transformation

Climate change and rapidly escalating global demand for food, fuel, fibre and feed present seemingly contradictory challenges to humanity. Can greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land-use, more than one-fourth of the global total, decline as growth in land-based production accelerates? This review examines the status of two major international initiatives that are designed to address different aspects of this challenge. REDD+ is an emerging policy framework for providing incentives to tropical nations and states that reduce their GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Market transformation, best represented by agricultural commodity roundtables, seeks to exclude unsustainable farmers from commodity markets through international social and environmental standards for farmers and processors. These global initiatives could potentially become synergistically integrated through (i) a shared approach for measuring and favouring high environmental and social performance of land use across entire jurisdictions and (ii) stronger links with the domestic policies, finance and laws in the jurisdictions where agricultural expansion is moving into forests. To achieve scale, the principles of REDD+ and sustainable farming systems must be embedded in domestic low-emission rural development models capable of garnering support across multiple constituencies. We illustrate this potential with the case of Mato Grosso State in the Brazilian Amazon.

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