scholarly journals Inside the commons of ecotourism development in Ethiopia: Strategic communal empowerment or marginalization? Evidence from Wenchi community based ecotourism

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 429-434
Author(s):  
Ketema Teressa Derera
Keyword(s):  
Community Based ◽  
The Commons

scholarly journals Prospects for community-based marine conservation in Nauru: Attitudes, policies & institutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Margo Deiye
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Adaptive Learning ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Gender Based

<p>This paper is about Nauru and its people, institutions, policies and in particular the communitybased fisheries management programme (CBFM). This study aims to identify those elements in the CBFM that makes it successful, where the institution endures overtime with a well-managed and thriving fisheries resource. This study explores the success criteria of community-based resource management.  The literature review covered broad and interdisciplinary literatures including the commons, comanagement, adaptive co-management and complex social-ecological systems in an attempt to identify some elements of success in community-based and co-management systems.  The study explores some of the current co-management practices and approaches in the Pacific region. A small number of Pacific fisheries experts and community-based practitioners were interviewed to share their views and experiences on lessons learnt and the implications of climate change for fisheries management in the region.  The study undertook a dwelling survey of 270 individuals and a gender-based focus group interviews in Nauru. This is to further investigate the willingness and capacity of the Nauruan people to participate in the CBFM while facing the poor economic conditions, the loss of traditional ecological knowledge and customary marine tenure, poor information about the state of marine resources, and limited opportunities for livelihood diversification.  An enabling environment is critical for development of such a framework, a functioning of institutions and having appropriate policies and legislation in place. Adaptive learning is important in successful a management framework. It can foster the development of an individual through social learning institutions within and between governments and communities and further promotes information sharing and awareness-raising.</p>

Savagery, Civilization, and Property: Theories of Societal Evolution and Commons Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Schorr
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
International Development ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Commons

Abstract This article argues that modern commons theory has been substantially shaped by early modern ways of thinking about the evolution of civilizations. In particular, it has hewed closely to models that gelled in the Enlightenment-era works known as “stadial theory,” by authors such as Lord Kames and Adam Smith, and passed down to the twentieth century, to theorists including Garrett Hardin, Harold Demsetz, and Elinor Ostrom. It argues that stadial thinking reached modern commons theorists largely through the disciplines of anthropology and human ecology, paying particular attention to the debate among anthropologists over aboriginal property rights, colonial and international development discourse, and neo-Malthusian conservationism. The effects of stadial theories’ influence include a belief among many that private property represents a more advanced stage of civilization than does the commons; and among others a Romantic yearning to return to an Eden of primitive and community-based commons. Thus do deep cultural attitudes, rooted in the speculative thinking of an earlier age, color today’s theories — positive and normative — of the commons.

scholarly journals Solutions to the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’: Sea-urchin Management in St Lucia, West Indies

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan H. Smith ◽  
Fikret Berkes
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Status ◽  
Access Controls ◽  
The Commons

Possible solutions to the commons problem have rarely been investigated systematically by the use of biological data on the status and sustainability of the resource. The edible White-spined Sea-urchin (Tripneustes ventricosus) resource of St Lucia, West Indies, is highly prized and vulnerable to exploitation, as is indicated by recent declines in its stocks. In the south-east of St Lucia the resource was almost entirely depleted in an area in which access was free and open. It was not depleted in the other two areas in which there were access controls. In one case, the area was under government control as a marine reserve; in the other, there was a locally practised ‘closed season’ and community-based management of access into a bay.The results of our study indicated that both government controls and informal, community-level controls can lead to successful resource-management outcomes. These findings challenge the ‘conventional wisdom’ that commonly-owned resources are destined to be overexploited.

Addressing misperceptions ofGoverning the Commons

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASHUTOSH SARKER ◽  
WILLIAM BLOMQUIST
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The Subject

AbstractNobel Laureate in Economic Sciences Elinor Ostrom's authoritative bookGoverning the Commons, published in 1990, and almost every other text she has published on the subject of the commons, strongly criticized Garrett Hardin's much-cited 1968Sciencearticle “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Hardin's “tragedy” refers metaphorically to the eventual destruction of a commons as a result of collective overuse. Hardin claimed that statist solutions and privatization provisions are the only two policy means for addressing the tragedy. Ostrom explored user self-governance as a third alternative to avert the tragedy. Ostrom's exploration and her critical stance, however, have caused the misperception of her work as anti-Hardin, anti-tragedy, or more specifically, anti-statist and anti-privatization. This paper argues that despite Ostrom's clear criticism of Hardin's claim and her regard for user self-governance or community-based management, her work was not anti-statist or anti-privatization.

scholarly journals Reconceptualizing the Role of Security User

Daedalus ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jean Camp
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Of Innovation ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The Internet ◽  
End User ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Innovation And Diffusion

The Internet is not the only critical infrastructure that relies on the participation of unorganized and technically inexpert end users. Transportation, health, waste management, and disaster preparedness are other areas where cooperation between unorganized citizens who lack experience with the domain has increased resiliency, reduced social costs, and helped meet shared goals. Theories of community-based production and management of the commons explain this type of cooperation, both offline and online. This essay examines these two complementary approaches to organizing the cybercitizen for cybersecurity. Cybersecurity discourse has reasonably focused on centralized parties and network operators. From domain name registrars to network service providers, solutions are sought through incentives, regulation, and even law enforcement. However great the ability of these centralized entities to implement change, the end user plays a crucial role. The Internet must remain open to enable innovation and diffusion of innovation; thus, the end user will continue to be important. What is the role of the citizen in cybersecurity? What socio-technical characteristics might enable a system that encourages and empowers users to create a secure infrastructure?

scholarly journals Cooperation in the Commons: Community-Based Rangeland Management in Namibia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Layne Coppock ◽  
Lucas Crowley ◽  
Susan Durham ◽  
Dylan Groves ◽  
Julian Jamison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rangeland Management ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Commons

scholarly journals The Commodification of the Couch: A Dialectical Analysis of Hospitality Exchange Platforms

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schöpf
Keyword(s):  
Local Resident ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Organizational Orientation ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Community Data ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Alternative Community ◽  
Dialectical Analysis

Online hospitality exchange (HospEx) platforms—essentially facilitating the connection between a traveller and a local resident—embody many of the cyber-utopian promises intrinsic to the Web as it started out 25 years ago. This paper investigates upon the antagonistic struggle between the commons and processes of commodification in the light of critical theory of social media for this niche social networking space and introduces two relevant examples. The biggest of those platforms, Couchsurfing.org, changed its organizational orientation from a non-profit, commons-based project towards a for-profit company in 2011—an instance of commodification. An analysis of both quantitative and qualitative community data shows that the transformation consequently concerns members on multiple levels. The structural change of ownership results in a loss of transparency and privacy, an alteration of the platform’s integrity, a sacrifice of the “uniqueness” of the community, and a differing relationship between the user and the platform. To discuss an alternative, community-based governance approach, the paper further explores the specifics of a platform guided by the logic of the commons, the non-commercial and non-profit HospEx platform BeWelcome.org.

scholarly journals Pastoralists’ Herding Strategies and Camp Selection in the Local Commons—A Case Study of Pastoral Societies in Mongolia

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Chifumi Ono ◽  
Mamoru Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Summer Camp ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Herding Strategies ◽  
The Commons ◽  
International Donors ◽  
Local Commons

Local commons are underutilized in resource management models, thus limiting the effectiveness of the commons concept. This study examined the actual situation of the local commons in Altanbulag soum, a suburb of Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia, where land degradation is a concern, using the case study method. Interviews using semi-structured questionnaires were conducted with pastoralists. It investigated land use and pastoralists’ relationships to open-access summer pastures, summer camp selection, grazing practice, and acceptance of migrants. The study concludes that herders in Altanbulag select their summer camp locations considering four elements: attachment to the place, territorial bonding, convenient environment, and winter camp safety. We also defined four types of herding strategies that identify the positive and negative aspects of local commons. The study suggests a potential gap between the community-based resource management promoted by international donors and the actual practices around local commons. It also highlights the need for further research into assessing local commons.

‘It is time to reterritorialise utopian thinking’: community, the commons and the funding of autonomous movements in Latin America – an interview with Marcelo Lopes de Souza

2019 ◽  
pp. 119-134
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Utopian Thinking ◽  
The Commons ◽  
American Civil Society

This chapter presents an interview with Marcelo Lopes de Souza, a scholar who cooperates with social movements, and professor in the Department of Geography at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Drawing on the experiences of Latin American social movements, Marcelo discusses the implications of a commitment to radical autonomy for the funding of community-based movements and for emancipatory community development more broadly. Among the topics covered are the importance of ‘the commons’ in the life of communities; the role of ‘autonomous’ movements in community empowerment; the so-called ‘NGOisation’ of Latin American civil society and the extent to which this phenomenon has been a feature of the movements that Marcelo is familiar as well as its effects.

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