scholarly journals The reoccurrence of H5N1 outbreaks necessitates the development of safe and effective influenza vaccine technologies for the prevention and control of avian influenza in Sub-Saharan Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
Yakubu Bitrus ◽  
J Nok Andrew ◽  
O A Owolodun ◽  
P D Luka ◽  
Dunkura Ali Umaru
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Individual and flock immunity responses of naïve ducks on smallholder farms after vaccination with H5N1 Avian Influenza vaccine: a study in a province of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6268
Author(s):  
Hoa Thi Thanh Huynh ◽  
Liem Tan Truong ◽  
Tongkorn Meeyam ◽  
Hien Thanh Le ◽  
Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
And Control

In Vietnam, vaccination has played a crucial role in the national strategy for the prevention and control of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). This study aimed to evaluate antibody responses of immunologically naïve domestic ducks to H5N1 avian influenza vaccine currently used in the national mass vaccination program of Vietnam. Blood samples of 166 ducks reared on smallholder farms were individually collected at three sampling time points, namely, right before vaccination, 21 days after primary vaccination, and 21 days after booster vaccination. Vaccine-induced antibody titers of duck sera were measured by the hemagglutination inhibition assay. Temporal differences in mean antibody titers were analyzed using the generalized least-squares method. No sampled ducks showed anti-H5 seropositivity pre-vaccination. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of the vaccinated ducks was 5.30 after primary vaccination, with 80% of the vaccinated ducks showing seropositivity. This result indicates that the immunity of duck flocks met the targets of the national poultry H5N1 HPAI mass vaccination program. GMT and seropositive rates of the ducks were 6.48 and 96.3%, respectively, after booster vaccination, which were significantly higher than those after primary vaccination. Flock-level seroprotection rate significantly increased from 68% to 84.7%, whereas variability in GMT titers decreased from 34.87% to 26.3%. This study provided important information on humoral immune responses of ducks to the currently used H5N1 vaccine under field conditions. Our findings may help guide veterinary authorities in planning effective vaccine protocols for the prevention and control of H5N1 in the target poultry population.

scholarly journals Latent class evaluation of the performance of serological tests for exposure to Brucella spp. in cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009630
Author(s):  
Rebecca F. Bodenham ◽  
Stella Mazeri ◽  
Sarah Cleaveland ◽  
John A. Crump ◽  
Folorunso O. Fasina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Parallel Testing ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

Background Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis endemic in many countries, including regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluated diagnostic tools for the detection of exposure to Brucella spp. are important for disease surveillance and guiding prevention and control activities. Methods and findings Bayesian latent class analysis was used to evaluate performance of the Rose Bengal plate test (RBT) and a competitive ELISA (cELISA) in detecting Brucella spp. exposure at the individual animal-level for cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania. Median posterior estimates of RBT sensitivity were: 0.779 (95% Bayesian credibility interval (BCI): 0.570–0.894), 0.893 (0.636–0.989), and 0.807 (0.575–0.966), and for cELISA were: 0.623 (0.443–0.790), 0.409 (0.241–0.644), and 0.561 (0.376–0.713), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Sensitivity BCIs were wide, with the widest for cELISA in sheep. RBT and cELISA median posterior estimates of specificity were high across species models: RBT ranged between 0.989 (0.980–0.998) and 0.995 (0.985–0.999), and cELISA between 0.984 (0.974–0.995) and 0.996 (0.988–1). Each species model generated seroprevalence estimates for two livestock subpopulations, pastoralist and non-pastoralist. Pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were: 0.063 (0.045–0.090), 0.033 (0.018–0.049), and 0.051 (0.034–0.076), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Non-pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were below 0.01 for all species models. Series and parallel diagnostic approaches were evaluated. Parallel outperformed a series approach. Median posterior estimates for parallel testing were ≥0.920 (0.760–0.986) for sensitivity and ≥0.973 (0.955–0.992) for specificity, for all species models. Conclusions Our findings indicate that Brucella spp. surveillance in Tanzania using RBT and cELISA in parallel at the animal-level would give high test performance. There is a need to evaluate strategies for implementing parallel testing at the herd- and flock-level. Our findings can assist in generating robust Brucella spp. exposure estimates for livestock in Tanzania and wider sub-Saharan Africa. The adoption of locally evaluated robust diagnostic tests in setting-specific surveillance is an important step towards brucellosis prevention and control.

Analysis of COVID-19 Prevention and Control Modes and Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-665
Author(s):  
Jian Zhou ◽  
◽  
Xiaohui Lu ◽  
Liang Ye ◽  
Yu Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Treatment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Contact ◽  
South Europe

This study evaluates COVID-19 prevention and control policies. Based on the simulation, we compare the effects of two major policies: contact restriction and active treatment. Through regression and cluster analysis, we classified 169 countries and regions in the world into 10 groups, among which five groups accounted for the major proportion: the ones with the labels “CHN (China) mode,” “SE (South Europe) mode,” “ENE-SSA (East & North Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa) mode,” “US (United States) mode,” and “DEU (Germany) mode”). Differences in the effects of the prevention and control of COVID-19 in typical countries in each mode are comprehensively investigated. The conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows: First, contact restriction outperforms active treatment in curbing the spread of COVID-19. Second, “CHN mode” ranks the highest level of epidemic control and emphasizes epidemic prevention and control more than economic stimulus, which is the opposite of the “US mode”. Regression analysis reveals that the differences in epidemics worldwide are caused by policy differences among modes.

scholarly journals Co-Circulation of Multiple Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus in Zambia

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Herman M. Chambaro ◽  
Michihito Sasaki ◽  
Edgar Simulundu ◽  
Isaac Silwamba ◽  
Yona Sinkala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants with serious trade and socio-economic implications. Although the disease has been reported in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, there is currently no information on circulating serotypes and disease distribution in Zambia. Following surveillance for BT in domestic and wild ruminants in Zambia, BT virus (BTV) nucleic acid and antibodies were detected in eight of the 10 provinces of the country. About 40% (87/215) of pooled blood samples from cattle and goats were positive for BTV nucleic acid, while one hartebeest pool (1/43) was positive among wildlife samples. Sequence analysis of segment 2 revealed presence of serotypes 3, 5, 7, 12 and 15, with five nucleotypes (B, E, F, G and J) being identified. Segment 10 phylogeny showed Zambian BTV sequences clustering with Western topotype strains from South Africa, intimating likely transboundary spread of BTV in Southern Africa. Interestingly, two Zambian viruses and one isolate from Israel formed a novel clade, which we designated as Western topotype 4. The high seroprevalence (96.2%) in cattle from Lusaka and Central provinces and co-circulation of multiple serotypes showed that BT is widespread, underscoring the need for prevention and control strategies.

scholarly journals What are the priorities for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and injuries in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia?

BMJ ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 344 (mar02 1) ◽  
pp. e586-e586 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Chisholm ◽  
R. Baltussen ◽  
D. B. Evans ◽  
G. Ginsberg ◽  
J. A. Lauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Infection-Related Cancers in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Paradigm for Cancer Prevention and Control

Oncology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Okuku ◽  
Abrahams Omoding ◽  
Victoria Walusansa ◽  
Martin Origa ◽  
Gerald Mutungi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cancer Prevention And Control ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control
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