Commensal Staphylococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (61) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adegoke
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

scholarly journals Extreme genome selection towards complete antimicrobial resistance in a nosocomial strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeet Kumar ◽  
Kanika Bansal ◽  
Prashant P. Patil ◽  
Amandeep Kaur ◽  
Satinder Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Chromosomal Origin ◽  
Extreme Drug Resistance

ABSTRACTWe report first complete genome sequence and analysis of an extreme drug resistance (XDR) nosocomial Stenotrophomonas maltophilia that is resistant to the mainstream drugs i.e. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SXT) and levofloxacin. Taxonogenomic analysis revealed it to be a novel genomospecies of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex (Smc). Comprehensive genomic investigation revealed fourteen dynamic regions (DRs) exclusive to SM866, consisting of diverse antibiotic resistance genes, efflux pumps, heavy metal resistance, various transcriptional regulators etc. Further, resistome analysis of Smc clearly depicted SM866 to be an enriched strain, having diversified resistome consisting of sul1 and sul2 genes. Interestingly, SM866 does not have any plasmid but it harbors two diverse super-integrons of chromosomal origin. Apart from genes for sulfonamide resistance (sul1 and sul2), both of these integrons harbor an array of antibiotic resistance genes linked to ISCR (IS91-like elements common regions) elements. These integrons also harbor genes encoding resistance to commonly used disinfectants like quaternary ammonium compounds and heavy metals like mercury. Hence, isolation of a novel strain belonging to a novel sequence type (ST) and genomospecies with diverse array of resistance from a tertiary care unit of India indicates extent and nature of selection pressure driving XDRs in hospital settings. There is an urgent need to employ complete genome based investigation using emerging technologies for tracking emergence of XDR at the global level and designing strategies of sanitization and antibiotic regime.Impact StatementThe hospital settings in India have one of the highest usage of antimicrobials and heavy patient load. Our finding of a novel clinical isolate of S. maltophilia complex with two super-integrons harbouring array of antibiotic resistance genes along with antimicrobials resistance genes indicates the extent and the nature of selection pressures in action. Further, the presence of ISCR type of transposable elements on both integrons not only indicates its propensity to transfer resistome but also their chromosomal origin suggests possibilities for further genomic/phenotypic complexities. Such complex cassettes and strain are potential threat to global health care. Hence, there is an urgent need to employ cost-effective long read technologies to keep vigilance on novel and extreme antimicrobial resistance pathogens in populous countries. There is also need for surveillance for usage of antimicrobials for hygiene and linked/rapid co-evolution of extreme drug resistance in nosocomial pathogens. Our finding of the chromosomal encoding XDR will shed a light on the need of hour to understand the evolution of an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen belonging to S. maltophilia.RepositoriesComplete genome sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SM866: CP031058

Retail Ready-to-Eat Food as a Potential Vehicle for Staphylococcus spp. Harboring Antibiotic Resistance Genes

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 993-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
WIOLETA CHAJĘCKA-WIERZCHOWSKA ◽  
ANNA ZADERNOWSKA ◽  
BEATA NALEPA ◽  
MAGDA SIERPI´NSKA ◽  
ŁUCJA ŁANIEWSKA-TROKENHEIM
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Cured Meats ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Ready-to-eat (RTE) food, which does not need thermal processing before consumption, could be a vehicle for the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. As part of general microbiological safety checks, staphylococci are routinely enumerated in these kinds of foods. However, the presence of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci in RTE food is not routinely investigated, and data are only available from a small number of studies. The present study evaluated the pheno- and genotypical antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from 858 RTE foods (cheeses, cured meats, sausages, smoked fishes, salads). Of 113 strains isolated, S. aureus was the most prevalent species, followed by S. xylosus, S. saprophyticus, and S. epidermidis. More than half (54.9%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one class of tested antibiotic; of these, 35.4% of the strains were classified as multidrug resistant. Most of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (49.6%), followed by clindamycin (39.3%), tigecycline (27.4%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (22.2%), rifampin (20.5%), tetracycline (17.9%), and erythromycin (8.5%). All methicillin-resistant staphylococci harbored the mecA gene. Among the isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 38 harbored tetracycline resistance determinant tet(M), 24 harbored tet(L), and 9 harbored tet(K). Of the isolates positive for tet(M) genes, 34.2% were positive for the Tn916-Tn1545–like integrase family gene. Our results indicated that retail RTE food could be considered an important route for the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria harboring multiple antibiotic resistance genes.

scholarly journals In Silico Virulence and Resistance Profile Analysis of Staphylococcus species

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Nusrat Nahar ◽  
Ridwan Bin Rashid ◽  
ANM Hamidul Kabir ◽  
Mohammad Sharifur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

In silico studies of the genes of Staphylococcus spp. might establish some correlations with multiple pathological factors. Sixty isolates of Staphylococcus spp. have been studied here targeting virulence and antibiotic resistance genes through in silico tools. Here, in silico PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification detected both virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Study revealed that most of the isolates harboured either cap5 (40%) or cap8 (31.67%) locus gene. Staphylococcal enterotoxin was detected in 63.33% of the isolates. The sea gene, responsible for food poisoning, was detected in 26.67% of the isolates. The tst positive isolates (5%), responsible for toxic shock syndrome, were present in only genotype 8. No exfoliative toxin was detected. The icaA gene, responsible for intracellular adherence, appeared in 80% of the isolates. Alpha hemolysin gene, hla, was detected in 63.33% of the isolates. Sixty-five percent of the isolates harboured the mecA genes. Both ?-lactamase (blaZ) and erythromycin resistance, ermA genes were available in 38.33% of the isolates. In silico pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) digestion was able to divide isolates into 23 genotypes. Genotype 8 and 11 harboured tetracycline resistance genes, tetM and tetK. The tetM gene (18.33%) was more prevalent than tetK gene (11.67%). Genotype 1 and 11 were considered more virulent than others. Genotype 11 also carried six antibiotic resistance genes but did not carry the genes msrA, msrB, ermB and ermC. The data generated here might aid in the prediction of the virulence and resistance profile based on genotyping as well as contribute in vaccine development.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 20(1): 71-84, 2017

Quintuplex PCR to Detect Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navindra Kumari Palanisamy ◽  
Parasakthi Navaratnam ◽  
Shamala Devi Sekaran
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Penicillin Binding Proteins ◽  
Efflux Mechanism ◽  
Mic Value

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important bacterial pathogen, causing respiratory infection. Penicillin resistance in S. pneumoniae is associated with alterations in the penicillin binding proteins, while resistance to macrolides is conferred either by the modification of the ribosomal target site or efflux mechanism. This study aimed to characterize S. pneumoniae and its antibiotic resistance genes using 2 sets of multiplex PCRs. Methods: A quintuplex and triplex PCR was used to characterize the pbp1A, ermB, gyrA, ply, and the mefE genes. Fifty-eight penicillin sensitive strains (PSSP), 36 penicillin intermediate strains (PISP) and 26 penicillin resistance strains (PRSP) were used. Results: Alteration in pbp1A was only observed in PISP and PRSP strains, while PCR amplification of the ermB or mefE was observed only in strains with reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. The assay was found to be sensitive as simulated blood cultures showed the lowest level of detection to be 10cfu. Conclusions: As predicted, the assay was able to differentiate penicillin susceptible from the non-susceptible strains based on the detection of the pbp1A gene, which correlated with the MIC value of the strains.

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