scholarly journals Lead in drinking water: a response from the Atlantic PATH study

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Sweeney ◽  
Zhijie M. Yu ◽  
Louise Parker ◽  
Trevor J.B. Dummer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Maximum Acceptable Concentration

Exposure to lead through drinking water is an issue of increasing concern, particularly with recent high-profile cases of lead-contaminated water. The maximum acceptable concentration level for drinking water in Canada is 10 µg/L, whereas the current blood intervention level is 10 µg/dL. The health effects related to lead exposure are well established and there is evidence that blood lead levels as low as <5 µg/dL are associated with adverse health effects in both children and adults. We analyzed water and toenail samples for lead concentrations from the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health (Atlantic PATH) project, a cohort of the general population in Nova Scotia. Approximately 46% of Nova Scotia residents use well water as their primary source of drinking water. Water from dug wells had higher lead concentrations compared to drilled wells, and the lowest lead levels were found in water from municipal supplies. Although the majority of the lead levels in the drinking water provided by Atlantic PATH participants were below the Canadian maximum acceptable concentration level, there were outliers, particularly among unregulated private well water sources. Given the health effects that are linked to low-level exposures, any exposure to lead in primary water sources remains a concern.

scholarly journals Under-Sink Activated Carbon Water Filters Effectively Remove Lead from Private Well Water for over Six Months

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3584
Author(s):  
Riley Mulhern ◽  
Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Minimal Data ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Private Wells

Children who rely on private well water in the United States have been shown to be at greater risk of having elevated blood lead levels. Evidence-based solutions are needed to prevent drinking water lead exposure among private well users, but minimal data are available regarding the real-world effectiveness of available interventions like point-of-use water treatment for well water. In this study, under-sink activated carbon block water filters were tested for lead and other heavy metals removal in an eight-month longitudinal study in 17 homes relying on private wells. The device removed 98% of all influent lead for the entirety of the study, with all effluent lead levels less than 1 µg/L. Profile sampling in a subset of homes showed that the faucet fixture is a significant source of lead leaching where well water is corrosive. Flushing alone was not capable of reducing first-draw lead to levels below 1 µg/L, but the under-sink filter was found to increase the safety and effectiveness of faucet flushing. The results of this study can be used by individual well users and policymakers alike to improve decision-making around the use of under-sink point-of-use devices to prevent disproportionate lead exposures among private well users.

scholarly journals Modeled Impacts of Drinking Water Pb Reduction Scenarios on Children’s Exposures and Blood Lead Levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (15) ◽  
pp. 9474-9482
Author(s):  
Lindsay W. Stanek ◽  
Jianping Xue ◽  
Claire R. Lay ◽  
Erik C. Helm ◽  
Michael Schock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Levels

scholarly journals Predicting children's blood lead levels from exposure to school drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-601
Author(s):  
Dawit Debebe ◽  
Fiseha Behulu ◽  
Zerihun Getaneh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
World Health ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The City

Abstract Human beings could be exposed to impacts associated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb) through drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality of water consumed by kindergarten school children in Addis Ababa city, who are highly susceptible to issues related to heavy metals in water. Through conducting chemical analysis, using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (MP-AES), the level of lead (Pb) was measured at 38 selected schools in the city. Drinking water samples were taken from three water supply sub-systems: Akaki, Legedadi, and Gefersa. Results revealed the average Pb concentration in the city was 62.37 μg/L which is significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold value of 10 μg/L. The children's blood lead levels and exposure to Pb were also calculated using the integrated exposure uptake bio-kinetic (IEUBK) model as per USEPA guidelines. Estimated geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) for each school ranged from 4.4 to 13.2 μg/dL. On average, the model predicted that 20% of children in the city will have blood lead levels above the WHO recommended 10 μg/dL. The study can be considered as an unprecedented piece of work as it addresses critical issues and methods to mitigate problems caused by high concentration of Pb in water supply distribution infrastructure.

scholarly journals Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Blood Lead Levels among Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo S. Morales ◽  
Peter Gutierrez ◽  
Jose J. Escarce
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Mexican American Youth ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
American Children

Objective. This study was designed to assess demographic and socioeconomic differences in blood lead levels (BLLs) among Mexican-American children and adolescents in the United States. Methods. We analyzed data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994, for 3,325 Mexican-American youth aged 1 to 17 years. The main study outcome measures included a continuous measure (μg/dL) of BLL and two dichotomous measures of BLL (⩾5 μg/dL and ⩾10 μg/dL). Results. The mean BLL among Mexican-American children in the United States was 3.45 μg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.07, 3.87); 20% had BLL ⩾5 μg/dL (95% CI 15%, 24%); and 4% had BLL ⩾10 μg/dL (95% CI 2%, 6%). In multivariate analyses, gender, age, generational status, home language, family income, education of head of household, age of housing, and source of drinking water were statistically significant independent predictors ( p<0.05) of having higher BLLs and of having BLL ⩾5 μg/dL, whereas age, family income, housing age, and source of drinking water were significant predictors ( p<0.05) of having BLL ⩾10 μg/dL. Conclusions. Significant differences in the risk of having elevated BLLs exist among Mexican-American youth. Those at greatest risk should be prioritized for lead screening and lead exposure abatement interventions.

Teeth and blood lead levels in egyptian schoolchildren: relationship to health effects

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdy Omar ◽  
Mohamed Ibrahim ◽  
Assem Hala ◽  
Moustafa Yehia ◽  
Fathi Battah
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Levels

Drinking water lead, iron and zinc concentrations as predictors of blood lead levels and urinary lead excretion in school children from Montevideo, Uruguay

Chemosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 694-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Ravenscroft ◽  
Aditi Roy ◽  
Elena I. Queirolo ◽  
Nelly Mañay ◽  
Gabriela Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
School Children ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Urinary Lead
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