Regions in transition: the Northern Great Plains and the Pacific Northwest in the Great Depression

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 44-7010-44-7010
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Pacific

scholarly journals Comparison of Virulence and Isozyme Phenotypes of Pgt-QCCJ and Great Plains Races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 910-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Roelfs ◽  
B. McCallum ◽  
D. V. McVey ◽  
J. V. Groth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sexual Recombination ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

Stem rust race Pgt-QCCJ was first found in the Great Plains of the United States in 1989, collected primarily from barley. This race became a major part of the Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici population, even though it is virulent to only a few hard red winter wheat cultivars in the central Great Plains and to barley in the northern Great Plains. It threatens barley production in the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada due to virulence to Rpg-1. Six differences in virulence and two in isozyme banding patterns from the most similar stem rust races make it unlikely that QCCJ arose as a mutant. Thus, QCCJ likely arose through sexual or parasexual recombination. Sexual recombination in the Great Plains is unlikely, as it has not been detected in many years. Avirulence to ‘McNair 70l’ is only known from the Pacific Northwest of the United States and adjacent Canada. The rust population in this area is of sexual origin, and the pattern of virulence/avirulence and isozyme banding for QCCJ occurs there. Pgt-QCCJ likely originated in the Pacific Northwest during or before 1989 and was wind-transported into the Great Plains.

Regional Patterns in Prevelar Raising

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
The West ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific

Prevelar raising is the raising of TRAP and DRESS vowels before voiced velars. While BAG-and BEG-raising have been described in Canada, the Upper Midwest, and the Pacific Northwest, an in-depth investigation of their distribution across North America is lacking, especially for BEG. Using an online survey distributed to over 5,000 participants via Reddit (which skews towards younger White males) and ordinary kriging for spatial interpolation, this study finds that prevelar raising is more widespread than previously reported. BAG-raising is found in much of the North and the Upper Midwest. BEG-raising is far more variable and is common across much of the Midlands and the West, with concentrated pockets in the Northern Great Plains and various other regions. This data suggests that the two can occur independently, with areas like the upper Midwest exhibiting BAG-raising alone, and the Midlands and the West reporting BEG-raising alone. These findings suggest that additional research on prevelar raising and other infrequent phonological variables is required to uncover their regional distribution and social meaning.

scholarly journals Resistance to QoI Fungicides in Ascochyta rabiei from Chickpea in the Northern Great Plains

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Wise ◽  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
J. S. Pasche ◽  
N. C. Gudmestad
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Ascochyta Rabiei ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Qoi Fungicides ◽  
The Pacific

Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta rabiei (teleomorph: Didymella rabiei), is an important fungal disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). A monitoring program was established in 2005 to determine the sensitivity of A. rabiei isolates to the QoI (strobilurin) fungicides azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin. A total of 403 isolates of A. rabiei from the Northern Great Plains and the Pacific Northwest were tested. Ninety-eight isolates collected between 2005 and 2007 were tested using an in vitro spore germination assay to determine the effective fungicide concentration at which 50% of conidial germination was inhibited (EC50) for each isolate–fungicide combination. A discriminatory dose of 1 μg/ml azoxystrobin was established and used to test 305 isolates from 2006 and 2007 for in vitro QoI fungicide sensitivity. Sixty-five percent of isolates collected from North Dakota in 2005, 2006, and 2007 and from Montana in 2007 were found to exhibit a mean 100-fold decrease in sensitivity to both azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin when compared to sensitive isolates, and were considered to be resistant to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin. Under greenhouse conditions, QoI-resistant isolates of A. rabiei caused significantly higher amounts of disease than sensitive isolates on azoxystrobin- or pyraclostrobin-amended plants. These results suggest that disease control may be inadequate at locations where resistant isolates are present.

Diversity dynamics of mammals in relation to tectonic and climatic history: comparison of three Neogene records from North America

Paleobiology ◽  
10.1666/12024 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Badgley ◽  
John A. Finarelli
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Landscape History ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Faunal Composition ◽  
Topographic Complexity ◽  
Depositional Processes ◽  
Climatic Optimum

In modern ecosystems, regions of topographic heterogeneity, when compared with nearby topographically homogeneous regions, support high species densities of mammals and other groups. This biogeographic pattern could be explained by either greater diversification rates or greater accommodation of species in topographically complex regions. In this context, we assess the hypothesis that changes in landscape history have stimulated diversification in mammals. Landscape history includes tectonic and climatic processes that influence topographic complexity at regional scales. We evaluated the influence of changes in topographic complexity and climate on origination and extinction rates of rodents, the most diverse clade of mammals.We compared the Neogene records of rodent diversity for three regions in North America. The Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest (Region 1) and the northern Rocky Mountains (Region 2) were tectonically active over much of the Cenozoic and are characterized by high topographic complexity today. The northern Great Plains (Region 3) have been tectonically quiescent, with low relief, throughout the Cenozoic. These three regions have distinctive geologic histories and substantial fossil records. All three regions showed significant changes in diversification and faunal composition over the Neogene. In the montane regions, originations and extinctions peaked at the onset and close, respectively, of the Miocene Climatic Optimum (17–14 Ma), with significant changes in faunal composition accompanying these episodes of diversification. In the Great Plains, rodents showed considerable turnover but infrequent diversification. Peak Neogene diversity in the Great Plains occurred during cooling after the Miocene Climatic Optimum. These histories suggest that climatic changes interacting with increasing topographic complexity intensify macroevolutionary processes. In addition, close tracking of diversity and fossil productivity with the stratigraphic record suggests either large-scale sampling biases or the mutual response of diversity and depositional processes to changes in landscape history.

scholarly journals Race Characterization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the Cause of Wheat Stripe Rust, in Saskatchewan and Southern Alberta, Canada and Virulence Comparison with Races from the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1744-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Brar ◽  
H. R. Kutcher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Virulence Frequency

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, has been common across Saskatchewan, Canada since 2000. Fifty-nine isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, the majority of which were collected between 2011 and 2013 from Saskatchewan and southern Alberta, were analyzed for virulence frequency and diversity and compared with isolates characterized in the Pacific Northwest and Great Plains regions of the United States. In all, 31 wheat differentials, including 20 near-isogenic lines and 1 triticale variety, differentiated 59 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates into 33 races, of which one race, C-PST-1, represented 31% of the isolates. None of the races were virulent on Yr5, Yr15, or YrSP. Virulence frequency ranged from 65 to 98% on YrA, Yr2, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27, Yr29, Yr32, YrSu, ‘Heines VII’, and ‘Nord Deprez’. Race C-PST-6 was virulent on the greatest number of the differentials (n = 25) and C-PST-18 on the fewest (n = 14). Discriminant analysis of principal components and multivariate cluster analyses detected three and four major groups, respectively, which differed from each other in terms of virulence spectrum and year of collection. The diversity of the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population in southern Alberta was greater than in Saskatchewan, which indicated that, although P. striiformis f. sp. tritici is primarily windborne over great distances and does not usually overwinter, there are detectable differences in virulence between these regions of western Canada. Comparative analyses of virulence frequency of Saskatchewan or southern Alberta isolates with isolates representing races from the Great Plains and the Pacific Northwest of the United States indicated greater similarity of Saskatchewan races to the Great Plains despite strong correlations with both parts of the United States. This suggests that the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population in Saskatchewan is a mixture of inoculum from both parts of the United States.

scholarly journals Role of Sea Surface Temperatures in Forcing Circulation Anomalies Driving U.S. Great Plains Pluvial Years

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (20) ◽  
pp. 7081-7100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul X. Flanagan ◽  
Jeffrey B. Basara ◽  
Jason C. Furtado ◽  
Elinor R. Martin ◽  
Xiangming Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Precipitation Anomalies ◽  
Circulation Anomalies ◽  
Sst Anomalies

Abstract In the U.S. Great Plains (GP), diagnosing precipitation variability is key in developing an understanding of the present and future availability of water in the region. Building on previous work investigating U.S. GP pluvial years, this study uses ERA twentieth century (ERA-20C) reanalysis data to investigate key circulation anomalies driving GP precipitation anomalies during a subset of GP pluvial years (called in this paper Pattern pluvial years). With previous research showing links between tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and GP climate variability, this study diagnoses the key circulation anomalies through an analysis of SSTs and their influence on the atmosphere. Results show that during Pattern southern Great Plains (SGP) pluvial years, central tropical Pacific SST anomalies are coincident with key atmospheric anomalies across the Pacific basin and North America. During northern Great Plains (NGP) Pattern pluvial years, no specific pattern of oceanic anomalies emerges that forces the circulation anomaly feature inherent in specific NGP pluvial years. Utilizing the results for SGP pluvial years, a conceptual model is developed detailing the identified pathway for the occurrence of circulation patterns that are favorable for pluvial years over the SGP. Overall, results from this study show the importance of the identified SGP atmospheric anomaly signal and the potential for predictability of such events.

Agriculture and Protectionsm in Chile, 1880–1930

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
National Income ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Future ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
War Of The Pacific

In searching for the roots of Chile's persistent economic frustrations, numerous investigators have turned their attention to the period between the War of the Pacific and the Great Depression. During that half century Chile's elites enjoyed the bounty of the nitrate age but, perhaps lulled by the glowing trade statistics, generous fiscal revenues and general aura of prosperity which nitrates provided, neglected to develop alternative sources of national income for the future.

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