American oil diplomacy in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (07) ◽  
pp. 41-4286-41-4286
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil Diplomacy ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Psychometric Testing in Iran

1959 ◽  
Vol 105 (438) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
The People ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Geographically, Iran is for the most part a plateau at an average altitude of about a thousand metres; the terrain—the near-jungle conditions of the Caspian littoral excepted—is arid semi-desert and the typical landscape one of limestone mountain ranges between which lie flat plains. It is bordered by Iraq, Turkey, the U.S.S.R., the Caspian Sea, Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Persian Gulf. Except during spring the vegetation in most areas is sun-shrivelled on the bare treeless earth; after five months of burning heat the winter rainfall washes off the topsoil, and river-beds, dry throughout the summer, overflow with muddy torrents. Although the soil is dry and powdery there are abundant watercourses below the surface and with irrigation the land is very productive. The country has great mineral resources; apart from the oil-fields they are un-exploited due to lack of coal and road and rail communications. The people are mainly feudal villagers or nomadic tribesfolk but Tehran is a modern city of a million population and the provincial capitals are also semi-Westernized.

scholarly journals PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONAL AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MEDIUM-RISE HOUSING IN THE COASTAL REGIONS OF IRAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Moradi Pour O. ◽  
◽  
Siomka S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Architectural Planning ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The article is devoted to the principles of functional and spatial organization of energy-efficient housing, architectural, artistic and compositional features of the organization of housing with energy-efficient technologies. The article deals with the issues of architectural planning and spatial modification of residential buildings of medium height depending on the natural and climatic conditions and features of the country's region. Special attention is paid to the regions where there are significant water resources. The Persian Gulf and the Caspian sea region in Iran are the most densely populated and represent areas where all four types of possible types of energy-saving technologies are presented: solar, water, wind energy and energy from the earth's interior.

Muslim statehood in Azerbaycan (IX-XIII centuries)

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 68-85
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Valentinovich Pilipchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Extended Power

This paper is dedicated to the history of Muslim statehood in Azerbaijan in IX-XIII century. The first truly strong was the Sajid dynasty, originating from the Sogdian aristocracy. Its representatives exalted themselves as ghouls in the service of the Abbasids. Having become rulers in Azerbaijan, the Sajids tried to pursue an independent and aggressive policy towards Armenia, which did not always provoke a positive reaction from the caliph. Only at the end of the Sajid rule did their interests again coincide with those of Baghdad. The Muzafarids were another Iranian dynasty, this time the Delemite. Its representatives came from Dalem during its expansion to the northwest. They took upon themselves the blows from Russia, the Ravadids and the Seljuks. The rabadids were a dynasty of Arab origin, which soon became Kurdish. Onomasticon of the dynasty in the 10th - 11th centuries generally Iranian. The era of the greatest power of the Rawwadids was the time of the reign of Mamlan I, who pursued an aggressive policy towards Christian neighbors and the threat from which the Armenians and Georgians neutralized by the conclusion of a defensive alliance. XI century was the time of the gradual fading of the Rawwadids. The Shaddadids were of Kurdish dynasty descent and ruled in Arran. Slow growth of their power was observed in the 10th century, when they began expansion in the possession of the Muzafarids. This dynasty is characterized by close ties with the Armenians. Emirs Fadl and Abu l-Asvar carried out an attack on the Armenian territories, which the Armenians could recapture only by cooperating with the Georgians. To destroy the emirate of the Shaddadids were not able and the Romaios in the middle of the XI century. Only the Seljuks in Arran were able to eliminate the power of the Shaddadids in 1093, and they survived in Shirak until 1199. Shirvan was a state inhabited by Iranian-speaking and Caucasian populations. The Mazyadid dynasty was originally Arab in origin. Shirvan maintained close ties with the state of Lizan. In the tenth century, the Shirvanshahs extended power besides Shirvan to Derbent and Arran. In the second quarter of the XI century. Mazyadids were replaced by the Qesranid dynasty, the onomasticon of which is already Iranian. This dynasty, unlike the Sheddadids in Arran and the Rawwadids in Azerbaijan, retained power in Shirvan under the Seljuks. The Caesranids, like the Mazyadids, continued to claim power over Derbent in the XII century. Shirvan became an object of expansion from Georgia. Shirvans could only resist it with the help of the Seljuks. However, this did not exclude dynastic marriages with Georgian Bagrationi. The most prominent Qesranid was the Shirvanshah Akhsitan, who, with the help of the Georgians, repelled the invasion of the Derbent Khazars and personally repelled the invasion of the Dagestan highlanders. In alliance with Queen Tamar, the Shirvanshah opposed the Atabeks of Azerbaijan. XIII century was the time of the decline of Shirvan, when he became the object of invasion of the Mongols, Kipchaks and Khorezmians. From 1070 Azerbaijan became the possession of the Seljukids, and from 1093 Arran became such. For several decades, Azerbaijan and Arran were the property of the younger Seljukids and were part of the Iraqi Seljuk Sultanate. The design of the state of the Atabeks of Azerbaijan can be dated to the middle of the XII century. Under its first rulers, Shams ad-Din Ildengiz and Jahan-Phelevane, the influence of the Ildengizids extended from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf and from Erzurum to Khorasan. The Ildengizids were those who restrained the expansion of Georgian Bagrationi against Muslim countries and were actually omnipotent workers of the Sultans under the weak Seljukids. Qizil-Arslan has already ceased to look around at the Seljukids completely and has titled itself with a magnificent title. The end of the XII century. - beginning of the XIII century were the time of the decline of the Atabeks of Azerbaijan due to the strife between the Ildengizids and the victories of the Georgians. 20-30-ies of XIII century were the time of the fall of the Atabek state of Azerbaijan. Key words: Shirvan, Azerbaijan, Arran, Sajids, Mosaferids, Shaddadids, Rawwadids, Ildengizids, Seljukids

Iran in Motion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikiya Koyagi
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Migrant Laborers ◽  
Global Transport ◽  
Railway Workers ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Bodies Of Water

Completed in 1938, the Trans-Iranian Railway connected Tehran to Iran's two major bodies of water: the Caspian Sea in the north and the Persian Gulf in the south. Iran's first national railway, it produced and disrupted various kinds of movement—voluntary and forced, intended and unintended, on different scales and in different directions—among Iranian diplomats, tribesmen, migrant laborers, technocrats, railway workers, tourists and pilgrims, as well as European imperial officials alike. Iran in Motion tells the hitherto unexplored stories of these individuals as they experienced new levels of mobility. Drawing on newspapers, industry publications, travelogues, and memoirs, as well as American, British, Danish, and Iranian archival materials, Mikiya Koyagi traces contested imaginations and practices of mobility from the conception of a trans-Iranian railway project during the nineteenth-century global transport revolution to its early years of operation on the eve of Iran's oil nationalization movement in the 1950s. Weaving together various individual experiences, this book considers how the infrastructural megaproject reoriented the flows of people and goods. In so doing, the railway project simultaneously brought the provinces closer to Tehran and pulled them away from it, thereby constantly reshaping local, national, and transnational experiences of space among mobile individuals.

On the Nature of the Seas

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
Domenico Agostini ◽  
Samuel Thrope
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Gulf Of Oman ◽  
Strait Of Hormuz ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Bodies Of Water

Chapter 10 presents a list of seas. This list partly derives from the mythic geography of the Avesta and partly is based on historical bodies of water, including the Persian Gulf, the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Strait of Hormuz or Gulf of Oman.

Biochemical characteristics of luminescent Vibrios isolated from the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (13) ◽  
pp. S318
Author(s):  
Mona Malek Nejad Yazdi ◽  
Mansour Mashreghi ◽  
Masoumeh Bahreini ◽  
Fatemeh Oroojalian ◽  
Parvaneh Pordeli
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
The Persian Gulf
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