»Die durch das Bild angegebene Regel«. Die Ersetzung des Schemas durch das Symbol in der Sprachphilosophie der Reden an die deutsche Nation

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 90-108
Author(s):  
Tamás Hankovszky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
German Nation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theory Of Language

According to the early Fichte, designation of mental concepts and highly abstract concepts happens by means of ‘schemata’. Through an unconscious mechanism, we transfer the name of a sensible thing into a supersensible object. Fichte looked upon this process as a source of mistakes. In Addresses to the German Nation, he changes his conception and puts symbols or actual images in the place of schemata. These images don’t unify sensible and supersensible notions as schemata do, rather they draw an analogy between these notions. This analogy guides the subject in creating a notion. The word initiates and inspires the process for creating a notion. Furthermore, the word shows through the image, in what way we should set in motion our capacity of representation. So the word does not offer abstract rules for the reason but gives an image which contains the rules of procedure.From my point of view, Fichte modified his theory of language not only to deal with problems immanent to the philosophy of language. He aimed to construct a philosophy of language which was much more consistent with the view of the human being and the conception of intersubjectivity according to the Wissenschaftslehre. The modified philosophy of language proves more convincingly that basically when we understand speeches of others we neither apprehend perfect meanings nor receives ideas of others more or less passively but we re-create or re-produce thoughts of the speakers.Nach dem frühen Fichte bezeichnet die Sprache die „geistigen“ und die „sehr abstrakten“ Begriffe mit Hilfe von Schemata. Ein unbewusster Mechanismus überträgt den Namen sinnlicher Gegenstände auf übersinnliche. In diesem Verfahren sah Fichte eine Quelle von Fehlern. Die Reden modifizieren diese Theorie so, dass die Schemata durch Symbole bzw. Bilder ersetzt werden. Sie vereinigen nicht wie die Schemata sinnliche und übersinnliche Vorstellungen, sondern stellen eine Analogie zwischen ihnen her. Diese Analogie weist darauf hin, welche Vorstellung ein Subjekt bilden muss. Das Wort gibt einen Anlass und eine Anleitung zur Vorstellungsbildung und die von ihm bereitgestellte Information zeigt zugleich, wie wir unser Vorstellungsvermögen in Bewegung setzen müssen. Es teilt dabei keine abstrakten Regeln mit, sondern bietet in einem Bild Anweisung für das Gemüt. Nach meiner These änderte Fichte seine Sprachlehre nicht nur, um ein immanentes sprachphilosophisches Problem lösen zu können. Sein Ziel war es wohl auch, eine Sprachphilosophie zu schaffen, die besser dem Menschenbild der Wissenschaftslehre und ihrer Intersubjektivitätslehre entspricht, als die frühere. Die revidierte Sprachphilosophie kann überzeugender belegen, dass wir beim Verstehen der Sprache anderer Menschen nicht ausgemachte Bedeutungseinheiten begreifen und nicht Gedanken von außen aufnehmen, sondern diejenigen Gedanken re-produzieren und re-konstruieren, die auch der Redner gedacht und ausgesprochen hat.

scholarly journals The Dreamer and Their Authenticity in the Zhuangzi

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Barbara Aniela Bonar
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Structural Process ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Psychoanalytic Perspective ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Stages

In this paper, I explain the problem of the dreamer in the Zhuangzi. I aim to show that no difference exists between dreaming states and waking states because we have a fluctual relationship with these two stages. In both, “we are dreaming.” Put another way, from a psychoanalytical point of view, one stage penetrates the other and vice versa. The difference between dreaming and non-dreaming disappears because dreaming is a structural process. Also, from a psychoanalytical perspective, all confirmations and negations about dreams and non-dreams leads to one point: the being, or rather the becoming, of the subject. How does this solve the problem of the True Person/True Human Being (zhenren真人)? Does such a person have dreams or not? Does the True Person sleep without dreams, as we find in the Zhuangzi? From a psychoanalytic perspective, this is not possible. To prove this, I will present few passages from the Zhuangzi and offer a psychoanalytic explanation of them based on Jacques Lacan’s theory of the fantasy and desire.

scholarly journals Metamodernism as a discourse of a new anthropological myth

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Nechaeva
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Axiomatic Method ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Western European ◽  
Epistemological Point

The present paper concerns the discourse of metamodernism problem as a type of the anthropological myth. The anthropological myth is considered as a project for describing reality, which models a systematic consistent idea of a human being, reality, status of reality and develops ethic, aesthetic, axiological views of a subject. The article aims to determine the peculiarities of metamodernism as a fictional discourse of the anthropological myth on the basis of XXI century European novel analysis. The analysis is carried out with the use of the comparative method, contextual description methods, axiomatic method, discourse analysis method etc. The topicality of the undertaken research is determined by the appearance of a new fictional discourse in art at the beginning of the XXI century as well as a new aesthetic paradigm, not described yet. The texts of Western European novels written in the first two decades of the XXI century reveal authors’ consistent refusal of the principles traditionally viewed as post-modernist – novels featuring a simulated nature of reality, novels problematizing the relationships between the signifying and the signified, decentralizing the subject etc. The attempts to describe a particular cultural situation as an alternative to postmodernism have been taken since the 80’s of the XX century; metamodernism acts as one of such projects for describing the modern cultural situation. The paper analyzes the interpretation models referring to XXI century art on the basis Western European novels of XXI century. The author of the paper concludes that metamodernism as a fictional discourse of the new anthropological myth reflects a different idea of the reality. Metamodernism as a cultural project aims to “return” ontology, assume the availability of reality outside the cognizing subject’s consciousness, and surpass the iconic nature of reality. From the epistemological point of view, metamodernism offers cognition of the world and “Ego” via experience of “Another Ego”.

Matheme of Phantasy and Object of Desire in Hamlet

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-198
Author(s):  
Livia Dioșan
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mathematical Function ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Topological Surface ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The Relationship

"“What is a father?” That is the question. This paper discusses Hamlet emphasizing the concept of desire and its formation for any human being. From a Lacanian psychoanalytical point of view, a difference between need, demand, and desire will be considered, in order to better understand how desire appears from the fabric of a topological surface and takes its place in the reality of the subject. Then the matheme of phantasy and the various objects that present themselves in Hamlet, namely Ophelia and others, as well as the stages of the relationship between Hamlet and his object will be analyzed. The analysis of the obsessional structure allows a better understanding of the movement of desire and action in Hamlet, without stating an obsessional structure in the character itself because what is interesting in the end is that Hamlet actually illustrates the place of desire for any human being. Following Lacan’s seminars, the paper will approach the relationship between faith and death, as well as the Borromean place of the Symbolic, with the consequences that emerge when the Symbolic crashes. This way, one could get closer to the fundamental question, pertaining to the function of the father and the unfortunate lifting of the veil that places Hamlet in an impossible position from which he cannot act to fulfill his destiny because the existence of desire is conditioned by the faith in death. The answer to the question would be that a father is seen in the context of actioning as a function, like a mathematical function, to orient the desire of the mother. Instead, in Hamlet, there is only legacy of a sin. Keywords: desire, phantasy, phallus, object, father, law, symbolic, veil, matheme. "

Vasily Polenov: Conversation with the Soul

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Natalya N. Rostova
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Landscape Painting ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

The article examines the work of Vasily Polenov. The author presents Polenov’s artistic path as the dramatic choice between what is commonly called genre and landscape painting. From the philosophical point of view, the problem consists in concept of understanding art. On the one hand, the essence of art can be reduced to «what», to writing a story, a big sense. On the other hand, art can be understood as «painting for painting’s sake». In this sense, the tension in Polenov’s work arises between the paintings «Moscow Courtyard» and «Christ and the Sinner». The author notes that the way out of this dilemma is to understand art as the subject that reflects the non-objectifiable and devoid of anything essence. The article analyzes the philosophical meaning of Polenov’s paintings of the gospel cycle and provides a philosophical analysis of the artist’s nostalgic paintings. The author comes to the conclusion that Polenov’s paintings are the form that establishes an emotionally experiencing human being

Apophatical Metaphysics of a Subject

1998 ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
Igor D. Nevvazhay
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

In this paper, the inevitability of the metaphysics of a subject for the philosophical understanding of a person’s being in the world is established, and the apophatic character of this type of metaphysics is discussed. Analysis of the categories of being and non-being which allow the interpretation of a subject as transcendent and as transcendental being that is characterized by uniformity, spontaneity and irreversibility is also mentioned. The suggested interpretation of a subject discloses both the rational sense of the classical points of view on the absolute, unconditional, timeless and spaceless character of the subject of knowledge, and the compatibility of the notions of the absolute character of a subject and the ontological condition of a human being in society and culture. The main idea of the suggested conception of a subject is the fact that the subject’s being cannot be "housed" into the world, nor can it be characterized as impossible existence for the world. The world can be understood only from the point of view of being impossible (symbolic) existence. The discussion of the problem of identification of a subject shows that the presumption of a subject as one of the existing structures of the world leads to paradoxes and contradictions in the interpretation of the processes taking place in the world. To understand the process of education, it is necessary to bear in mind that it is not only cognitive, but also moral: education is the process of the formation of a subject of knowledge through identification with transcendental symbolic existence, which fact demands making efforts to be on the part of the thinking person.

scholarly journals The Problem of Identity of an Informatized Person by the Viewpoint of Intertextualism

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Alexander Pylkin ◽  
Nina Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
European Individual ◽  
Linguistic Fact

The Object of the Study. Identity of an informatized personThe Subject of the Study. Communicative identity in communicative environment based on principles of intertextuality.The Purpose of the Study is demonstrating the impossibility of communicative identity in the situation of totally informatized public being in accordance with the principles of intertextuality.The Main Provisions of the Article. Swift evolution and dissemination of the information technology have led to radical changes in human`s public being. The identity of a human being as a being who communicates with one`s own kind become questionable. Philosophical basis of information society can be found in the poststructuralism. Hiperawareness, fragmentation and reduced interaction can be pointed out as the most important parameters of informatized society. In that regard, an identity of informatized human being is considered from the point of view of the poststructuralistic conception of intertextuality. The last one serves as a kind of ideology of informatized society. The consciousness that since Rene Descartes had been the main identifier of a West European individual, became in the 20th century the linguistic consciousness. Semiotics has shown the subject is merely a fixed place in the sistem of language. In the sixties poststructuralists deleted that fixation. They demonstrated that a language is an open system, not a closed one. From the viewpoint of the poststructuralistic conception of intertextuality a human being is a merely mobile fragment of a constantly reproducting hypertext. While a text that represents itself in the system of telecommunications as objectified communicative environment marks individual`s alienation and clearly has fetish nature. The encounter of linguistic consciousness with a linguistic fact actually reveals the dialogic nature of meaning. The meaning of any textual object is defined as a function of interaction with the past, present and future text semantic blocks, the representative of which is consciousness interacting with this object. Communication act draws the subject into the process of dialogical formation, in which the semantic unity is dispersed. Under these conditions a message as the basis of communicaton and identity has become problematic. Even a creative act of forming a message is unable to overcome the gap between alienated atomized individual and autonomous information environment. Communication in information society tends to become barren message: «Look! I do exist!» with not an answer come back.

scholarly journals Equilibrium in Ethic Economics

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Bijan Bidabad
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Global Optimum ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Behavior Modeling ◽  
Local Optimum ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Neoclassical Theory ◽  
Human Behavior Modeling ◽  
The Subject

We will study the concept of equilibrium in conventional and ethic economics in this paper. By a general review of the subject of equilibrium from basic sciences' point of view, we will study the meaning of equilibrium at different levels of micro, macro, and international economics; and by considering the lust and anger powers of human being, the concept of optimizing human behavior in Neoclassical theory will be studied. The hypothesis of “rational behavior” and philosophical and the root of thoughts and human behavior modeling in neoclassical economics will be analyzed from pleasure or utilitarianism-based point of view. By putting forward the concept of “perfection” as materializing innate power of creatures, we introduce the concept of ethic science so that we will review the correctness and goodness of actions and qualities of the human being in the process of optimizing economic behavior. Level of equilibrium in the powers as prescribed by ethic science with the meaning of preventing overindulgence and under-indulgence will be discussed. The meaning of equilibrium in ethic economics is a global optimum and in the form of utility point of view, has a broader domain of qualities and intellectualities and human being spirituals always at least is in a position that is better than Neoclassical optimized behavior (which is a local optimum).Some qualities related to economic behavior and overindulgence and under-indulgence and their equilibrium have also been considered. Equilibrium in ethic economics means using resources and locating everything in its right position and in the direction of obtaining human being perfection. Putting things in their right position is the optimal use of them from a mathematical point of view, and perfection is defined as reaching the ultimate innate of every creature. This means that in order to maximize the utility, resources should be used in a manner that in addition to ensuring human being material needs, assure the necessary background for maximizing mental and spiritual growth and elevation of him.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3402335

Docência: Entusiasmo e Paixão

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elcio Alberton
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Professional Perspective ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

Mystagogical education of the teaching staff in the contemporary civilizatory metamorphose deals with the deep transformations which the civilization passes through, considering the sociological, environmental, political, economic and technological aspects. It deals with human being in this complex relationship analyzing the possible consequences of this process and, in the same way, it points alternative to a right assimilation and the convenience in this new world that rises up result of the metamorphosical process. The main indication remains in comprehending the adoption of mystagogical attitude by the teaching staff and in the formation of the educators. When the subject is the education task intending to overcome its utilitaristic function and preparation for the transactional environment, it suggests that the education points supportive and mystical alternatives in the teaching / learning. It proposes the cultivation and the preparation of the integrator people which teaching condition gets over the technical and the professional perspective, being firstly mystagogos (mystic educators) i.e, people teaching more with their lives and examples than words and contents. The text suggests that the educator’s task is to value the relationship between ourselves, others, the world and the supernatural. The searching points that more than technically prepared teachers, the mystic takes in account the human dimension considering all the potentiallities of the human being to develop himself under professional, intellectual, emotional, spiritual and social point of view.

Native and “non-native” speech: debunking the myth of the linguistic being lightness

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
Irina B. Antonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Complex Mechanism ◽  
Speech Interaction ◽  
Native Speech ◽  
Exhaustive List

The author attempts to analyze the phenomenon of language considered from the point of view of current philosophy that presents the lat- ter as the key object of its research. According to modern philosophers it is not enough to define language as a method of building up speech. Construing language as an instrument of shaping worldview by a human being is no less limited. Discrepancy in construing one and the same language by different partners of communication, mutual misunderstanding of each other in the process of speech interaction, inevitable mistakes elicited by both imperfection and complexity of the language – this is a non-exhaustive list of challenges that philosophy of language faces nowadays. In her aspiration to glimpse the interplay of language essence, the author undertakes an attempt to construe one of the most ambiguous definitions of language given by M. Heidegger in his “Being and Time”. While defining the language as “the house of Being”, Heidegger presents the latter as a method of expressing the essence of something that exists (Being). This definition confirms true Being and as a consequence – ambiguity of language that presupposes non-intentional cloaking of the meaning that requires its obligatory detection by means of interpreting and giving evidence to either super complex mechanism of language or to its extreme imperfection.

The Henri Meschonnic Reader

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Meschonnic
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Generation ◽  
First Time

Henri Meschonnic was a linguist, poet, translator of the Bible and one of the most original French thinkers of his generation. He strove throughout his career to reform the understanding of language and all that depends on it. His work has had a shaping influence in various fields and its importance is growing. Here, for the first time, some of the key texts are made available in English for a new generation of scholars in the humanities. By introducing key works of Henri Meschonnic, this Reader will enrich, enhance and challenge your understanding of language. This book includes fourteen key texts which cover the core concepts and topics of Meschonnic’s theory. It explores his key ideas on poetics, the poem, rhythm, discourse and his critique of the sign. Meschonnic’s vast oeuvre was continuously preoccupied with the question of a poetics of society; he constantly connected the theory of language to its practice in various fields and interrogated what that means for the individual and society. In exploring this fundamental question, this book is central to the study and philosophy of language, with rich repercussions in fields such as translation studies, poetics and literary studies, and in redefining notions such as rhythm, modernity, the poem and the subject. The Reader is accompanied by introductory texts to Meschonnic, his key concepts and his poetics of society, as well as by a glossary, index and bibliography.

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