Fichtes Intellektualisierung der Anschauung

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
Carsten Olk ◽  

The power of imagination fulfills a special function with respect to particular intuition and to the forms of intuition of space and time a function that exceeds Kant’s deliberations on imagination. Not just the forms themselves, but also their manifold are orignally generated by that capability. While Kant’s theory of experience starts with a given mannifold and shows how the rule-making role of reason provides productive imagination with a way of assimilating that manifold into a unified perspective, Fichte’s philosophy has the productivity of the imagination reaching further as a novel, revealing inheritance. As a fully autonomously proceeding entity, it further devises not only space and time and their constituent diversity, but also simultaneously generates categories without being dependent on the reason that in the B-version of the Critique is necessary for understanding the composition of time and space. When Kant speaks for example in the Opus Postumum under the heading cogitabile ut dabile about the constitution of the manifold, that form of constitutive act is not to be interpreted as an original genesis. Hence the act of constitutive and determinative synthesis has a different meaning in the two systems.Die Einbildungskraft erfullt bei Fichte eine ganz besondere Funktion in Hinblick auf die einzelne Anschauung und die Anschauungsformen von Raum und Zeit, die über die Kantischen Ausführungen zur Einbildungskraft hinausgehen. So werden nicht nur letztere, sondern auch das in Raum und Zeit enthaltene Mannigfaltige ursprünglich durch die Einbildungskraft generiert. Wahrend die Kantische Theorie der Erfahrung ihren Ausgang vom gegebenen Mannigfaltigen nimmt und zeigt, wie der regelgebende Verstand vermittelst der produktiven Einbildungskraft dieses Mannigfaltige zur – stets begriffenen – Einheit der Anschauung konstituiert, reicht die Produktivität der Einbildungskraft in der Philosophie Fichtes als originar welteroffnendes Vermögen also wesentlich weiter. Vollkommen autonom verfahrend entwirft sie ferner nicht nur Raum, Zeit und das darin enthaltene Mannigfaltige, sondern generiert zugleich die Kategorien, ohne – wie speziell in der B–Auflage der Kritik – auf die Regel eines für die Zeit- und Raumkonstitution notwendig vorauszusetzenden Verstandes angewiesen zu sein. Spricht Kant, wie etwa im Opus Postumum vor dem Hintergrund des Gedankens eines cogitabile ut dabile, von der Bestimmung des Mannigfaltigen, dann ist diese Art der Intellektion nicht im Sinne einer ursprüngliche Erzeugung zu verstehen. Der Akt der anschauungserzeugenden und bestimmenden Synthesis hat in beiden Systemen also eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung.

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Toji Omonovich Norov ◽  

The universe, the space that make up their basis planets in it, their creation, the main essence of their creation, form, composition, meaning, movements, interactions, their influence on human life and activities, the role of man in the universe and in life on Earth, life, the criteria of activity and processes occurring in time and space have long been of interest to humanity. One of the main problems in the history of philosophy is the question of space and time. This problem was defined in different ways in the great schools of thought by thinkers of different periods. One of these great thinkers is Alisher Navoi. Navoi's works, along with other socio-philosophical themes, uniquely express and analyze the problems of the firmament and time. Its main feature is that it is based on the divine (pantheistic) religion, Islam, its holy book, the Koran and other theological sources, as well as on the secrets of nature and the Universe, the main miracle of Allah - human intelligence, the power of enlightenment, they are the key revealing all these secrets.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gualtiero LORINI

The article focuses on a concept placed at the core of the A-Deduction, of which the B-Version provides a different but not necessarily better exposition. It is the concept of “transcendental affinity” [transcendentale Affinität] (A 144). This concept is not present in the whole B-Edition of the KrV, and even the term “Affinity” does not appear in the B-Deduction, but only four times in the Transcendental Dialectic, and twice in the Discipline of the Pure Reason. In the economy of the A-Deduction, the concept of “transcendental affinity” plays a central role. It represents indeed the “thoroughgoing connection according to necessary laws” of all the possible phenomena. This connection is presupposed by transcendental consciousness insofar as it has a representation of these phenomena and their relationships, since what all the possible phenomena share is their determination in space and time according to the synthetic unity of the apperception. The concept of transcendental affinity between all the possible phenomena is intimately linked to imagination, which makes this affinity arise by reproducing a phenomenon in space and time according to the a priori laws of understanding. The necessary link between transcendental affinity and imagination represents an important passage in this paper. One goal is to point out that the implications of transcendental affinity are not rejected but rather deepened in the B-Deduction. On these assumptions, we consider the role of the “I think” in the B-Deduction, in order to claim that it implicitly relies upon the concept of transcendental affinity too. The last part of the paper aims to point out that the transcendental affinity between the phenomena describedin the A-Deduction is particularly apt to understand the unity of the representation of nature. To shed light on this point, we will deal with some significant passages from the Opus postumum.


Author(s):  
Alessia Lai ◽  
Annalisa Bergna ◽  
Stefano Toppo ◽  
Marina Morganti ◽  
Stefano Menzo ◽  
...  

The aim of this study was the reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics in time and space in Italy and Europe between February and June 2020. The cluster analysis showed that pure Italian clusters were observed mainly after the lockdown and distancing measures were adopted. Lineage B and B.1 spread between late January and early February 2020, from China to Veneto and Lombardy, respectively. Lineage B.1.1 most probably evolved within Italy and spread from central to south Italian regions, and to European countries. The lineage B.1.1.1 entered Italy only in the second half of March and remained localized in Piedmont until June 2020. In conclusion, the reconstructed ancestral scenario suggests a central role of China and Italy in the widespread diffusion of the D614G variant in Europe in the early phase of the pandemic and more dispersed exchanges involving several European countries from the second half of March 2020.


2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Coventry

Hume’s account of the origin and nature of our ideas of space and time is generally thought to be the least satisfactory part of his empiricist system of philosophy. The main reason is internal in that the account is judged to be inconsistent with Hume’s fundamental principle for the relationship between senses and cognition, the copy principle. This paper defends Hume against the inconsistency objection by offering a new systematic interpretation of Hume on space and time and illuminating more generally the role of the copy principle in his philosophy. Humes Theorie des Wesens und des Ursprungs unserer Vorstellungen von Raum und Zeit wird generell zu den am wenigsten befriedigenden Teilen seiner empiristischen Philosophie gezählt. Der Hauptgrund dafür ist werkimmanent: Die Raum- Zeit-Theorie einerseits und Humes „copy principle“ andererseits – d.h. dasjenige Fundamental-Prinzip, das die Relation zwischen unseren Sinnen und unserem Denken regelt – werden als miteinander inkonsistent erachtet. Dieser Beitrag bietet eine neue, systematische Interpretation der Raum-Zeit-Lehre Humes und eine umfassendere Darstellung der Rolle des „copy principles“ in seiner Philosophie an. Auf diese Weise wird Hume gegen den Vorwurf der Inkonsistenz verteidigt.


Author(s):  
Emily Thomas

This chapter explores Isaac Barrow’s account of time and space. Barrow’s account is important, partly because it is often argued to be one of the sources that Newton drew on in constructing his absolutism. Although Barrow is usually read as a pre-Newtonian absolutist, this chapter argues that Barrow is in fact a modal relationist, identifying space and time with the relational modes of bodies. This new reading entails that Barrow’s account of time may not have played as large a role in the development of Newton’s work as has been thought, but it also raises the possibility that Leibniz drew on Barrow’s relationism.


Author(s):  
Marc I. Steinberg

This chapter examines, from a traditional perspective, several areas where the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has impacted corporate governance in a meaningful way. By way of example, these subjects include insider trading, qualitative materiality, the role of gatekeepers (such as outside directors, attorneys, and accountants), the Commission’s use of disclosure to influence conduct, the implementation by subject companies of undertakings pursuant to SEC enforcement proceedings, and mergers and acquisitions (including tender offers and going-private transactions). This chapter’s focus is on the manner in which the SEC for well over 50 years has impacted corporate governance by means of exercising its rule-making and oversight authority.


2020 ◽  
pp. 174387212098228
Author(s):  
Stephen Riley

Drawing upon Kant’s analysis of the role of intuitions in our orientation towards knowledge, this paper analyses four points of departure in thinking about dignity: self, other, time and space. Each reveals a core area of normative discourse – authenticity in the self, respect for the other, progress through time and authority as the government of space – along with related grounds of resistance to dignity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the methodological challenge presented by our different dignitarian intuitions, in particular the role of universality in testing and cohering our intuitions.


Historyof Law Kyiv Rus, without regard to the more than 200-years-old period of her research, continues to remain in the field of attention of scientists, and, also, politicians. One of important questions of History of Law these period is a question about rule-making and role in him shows of witnesses. This problem was studied thoroughly enough as early as ХІХ of century and one of active acting persons of discussion round this theme there was a historian of law, native of Ukraine, professor of the Kyiv university Vasyl Hryhorovych Demchenko. In the master's degree dissertation "Historical research is about the shows of witnesses as proof in matters of judicial, accoding the Russian law before Peter the Great" (in 1859), V.H. Demchenko considered becoming of such important institute of judicial law as institute of certificate in detail. A scientist marks the value of judicial proofs in general genesis of law, he underlines that before an arbitrariness was the only means of guard of rights, but development of society resulted in a volume, that next to this means already the guard of rights for cramps began to be used. He considered that the judicial aspects related to the shows of witnesses are system enough set forth in Russian True. A researcher paid attention to that Russian True talks about witnesses in most cases in connection with those the offences that must be by them validified, in accordance with every case, where this proof is required. Therefore resolutions about them matter general not rules that spread to all possible cases of their use, but touch only private, that have force only for those cases for that they are straight set. General rules some resolutions that is unconnected with determinations about separate offences matter only. A scientist underlined that the judicial role of witnesses accoding Russian True did not have been limited to only the value of them, as judicial proof. On occasion they got the certain participating in realization of process. It touched those judicial events application of that got to parties without every participation of some government bodies ( for example,zvid). In the research of V.H. Demchenko analysed a question about the capacity of witnesses for a certificate, specified also on space of application of proofs with participation of witnesses after Russian True, order of finishing telling with participation of witnesses, force of shows of witnesses. Thus, V.H. Demchenko no doubt, was one of the most skilled specialists on history law that investigated time of Kyiv Rus.


1999 ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
O. Ishchenko

Understanding Ukrainian sacred art is impossible without understanding how ancient Ukrainians felt space and time, transformed and materialized this understanding in signs, the most ancient among which is the circle, square and cross. These symbols are universal spatial and temporal signs that play the role of archetypes and have deep pre-Christian roots and origins. Their original, cosmological essence of the understanding of nature, the desire to convey the divine essence through comprehension of space and time converges the sacred art of the Christian, Hindu and Islamic worlds.


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