La Doctrine de la science à l’usage des artistes

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 305-326
Author(s):  
Eduardo Ralickas ◽  

This paper addresses some of the figurative properties of Fichte’s philosophical discourse. In many texts from the so-called Spätphilosophie the WL is depicted as an »image of knowing«. In keeping with this idea, the author examines how figure and discourse are inextricably bound up in the space of Fichtean philosophy. The 1794 lectures Concerning the Difference Between the Sprit and the Letter Within Philosophy are particularly telling in this respect, for they foreground metaphor as the necessary vehicle for philosophical expression. Thus, Fichtean philosophy, understood both as discourse (in the sense of pragmatic linguistics) and as »material image«, openly embraces figural modes of knowing, for knowing itself is fundamentally an imagistic activity. In the final analysis, Fichte’s discourse does not separate concept and figure, philosophy and metaphor; instead, it opens up philosophy to the space of the figural – a space from which it ultimately stems and which constitutes the medium of the Wissenschaftslehre as such. In closing, the author reconsiders one of Fichte’s most striking metaphors, i.e., philosophy as Eucharist, in order to shed new light on a famous portrait of Fichte from 1812. He argues that the latter sustains in painterly form a meditation on the place of the figurative in philosophical discourse.Cet article est consacré à la question de la figurabilité du discours philosophique chez Fichte. La WL, on le sait grâce aux textes de la Spätphilosophie, incarne ce que Fichte appelle en 1812 l’»image du savoir«. Cet énoncé constitue le point de départ de notre réflexion sur les liens entre figure et discours dans la philosophie fichtéenne. À la lumière de quelques énoncés métaphilosophiques incontournables pour l’intelligence de la WL nous envisageons, dans un premier temps, le rôle de la métaphore dans l’enseignement fichtéen. Nous démontrons que la philosophie fichtéenne, entendue comme discours (au sens de la linguistique pragmatique) et comme »image matérielle«, doit épouser les traits d’une figure afin qu’on puisse la transmettre à autrui. Ainsi, loin de séparer concept et figure, philosophie et image, le dispositif fichtéen ouvre au contraire l’espace de la philosophie sur l’espace figural dont il est issu et qui en constitue le véritable médium. Dans un deuxième temps, en revenant sur une des métaphores les plus prégnantes dans le discours de Fichte, à savoir la philosophie comme Eucharistie, nous proposons l’analyse d’un célèbre portrait de Fichte qui n’a pas encore reçu l’attention philosophique qui lui revient et qui constitue, selon notre hypothèse, une réflexion inédite sur la figurabilité du discours en philosophie.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Wilkinson ◽  
Daniel G. D. Nixon ◽  
Jared Palmer ◽  
Courtney J. Lightfoot ◽  
Alice C. Smith

Abstract Background Those living with kidney disease (KD) report extensive symptom burden. However, research into how symptoms change across stages is limited. The aims of this study were to 1) describe symptom burden across disease trajectory, and 2) to explore whether symptom burden is unique to KD when compared to a non-KD population. Methods Participants aged > 18 years with a known diagnosis of KD (including haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)) and with a kidney transplant) completed the Leicester Kidney Symptom Questionnaire (KSQ). A non-KD group was recruited as a comparative group. Multinominal logistic regression modelling was used to test the difference in likelihood of those with KD reporting each symptom. Results In total, 2279 participants were included in the final analysis (age 56.0 (17.8) years, 48% male). The main findings can be summarised as: 1) the number of symptoms increases as KD severity progresses; 2) those with early stage KD have a comparable number of symptoms to those without KD; 3) apart from those receiving PD, the most frequently reported symptom across every other group, including the non-KD group, was ‘feeling tired’; and 4) being female independently increased the likelihood of reporting more symptoms. Conclusions Our findings have important implications for patients with KD. We have shown that high symptom burden is prevalent across the spectrum of disease, and present novel data on symptoms experienced in those without KD. Symptoms requiring the most immediate attention given their high prevalence may include pain and fatigue. Trial registration The study was registered prospectively as ISRCTN11596292.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Sanober Salman Shaikh ◽  
Chiraprapha Akaraborworn

The purpose of this study was twofold: to examine the relationship and determine the predictive power of integrative leadership on employee engagement. To achieve the mentioned objectives, the quantitative research method was employed and data was collected through survey questionnaire from 1000 operational employees of all 21 private banks in Pakistan. The sample of 819 respondents was utilized for final analysis. Two stage sampling method was performed; non- probability sampling and stratified random sampling. The data analysis was done by use of correlation and multiple regression. The result indicated a positive correlation among all of the nine constructs of integrative leadership with employee engagement and the six constructs of integrative leadership significantly predicted employees’ engagement in private banks in Pakistan. Additionally, analysis of variance was performed to assess the differences in employee engagement among the respondents’ demographic characteristics. The ANOVA result showed that the employees working in a conventional and Islamic bank and age 49 and above group, predicted a difference only in the satisfaction dimension of employee engagement. Furthermore, the current bank experience indicated the difference in overall employee engagement. This study adds value to the literature as it contributes empirical evidence on integrative leadership and employee engagement. This study can be helpful for private banks, also for public & foreign banks and other organizations in Pakistan in adopting integrative leadership for enhancing employee engagement. 


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui Zhuang ◽  
Xinying Zhang ◽  
Honglu Zhang ◽  
Huijie Huang ◽  
Zeyang Yu ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction: As both parties to commercial sex, MSW and SB are both at high risk of HIV infection. However, there are few studies on the comparison of HIV infection rates between these two groups of people.Methods: The method of snowball sampling was used to recruit research participants by means of baths, bars, and the Internet. The recruited participants should cooperate with the investigators to complete the questionnaire (including general demographic characteristics, high risky behaviors, status of HIV and AIDS infection, awareness of AIDS knowledge )and blood antibody / antigen tests / oral mucosal exudate antibody tests. The difference analysis was performed using the c2 test, and the correlates of HIV infection were analyzed using logistic regression.Results: The final analysis included 435 MSWs and 729 SBs with HIV infection rates of 7.1% and 2.6%, respectively. Compared with SB, the HIV infection rate of MSW was 2.775 (1.340 -5.746) times higher (after adjusting for age and marital status), 3.173 (1.512-6.659) times higher (after further adjusting the awareness rate of AIDS-related knowledge), 3.688 (1.711-7.950) times higher (after further adjusting the frequency of condom use in homosexual intercourse and commercial sex in the past six months).Conclusions: MSW is more likely to infect HIV than SB. Therefore, effective preventive measures should be focused on MSW.


2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 230949901986335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Qu ◽  
Tong Liu ◽  
Wentao Chen ◽  
Zhenzhong Sun ◽  
Shengjie Dong ◽  
...  

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes of extensive tenosynovectomy on patients with diffuse flexor hallucis longus tenosynovitis combined with effusion (DFHLT-E). Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing extensive tenosynovectomy for DFHLT-E in the same foot and ankle center from January 2013 to December 2016 were selected; a total of 14 patients were included in the final analysis. Patients with a minimum 1-year follow-up were evaluated with physical examination, MRI, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) clinical midfoot scale, and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores. Results: The 14 patients were followed up for an average of 15.0 ± 2.3 months (12–18 months). There were no recurrences in all clinical examinations at the final follow-up. The AOFAS score was improved from 61.57 ± 10.70 before surgery to 90.28 ± 9.41 at the final follow-up. The difference was statistically significant ( p = 0.001). The VAS score was improved from 4.00 ± 0.82 before surgery to 0.43 ± 0.53 at the final follow-up ( p < 0.001). MRI examination revealed two patients with small residual and limited effusion with no clinical symptoms. Superficial pin infection was observed in one patient, and two patients had transient neurostimulation. Conclusions: Extensive tenosynovectomy is an effective alternative for the treatment of DFHLT-E with less complications or recurrence.


2020 ◽  
pp. 000348942093882
Author(s):  
Aatin K. Dhanda ◽  
Brittany Ward ◽  
Christopher J. Warren ◽  
Ben Birkenfeld ◽  
Kirolos Georges ◽  
...  

Objectives: Matching to an otolaryngology residency program is a competitive process for medical students, and research performed by students is considered as a factor for granting interviews by program directors. Because abstracts, presentations and publications are all reported in combination by the National Resident Matching Program’s “Charting Outcomes in the Match” (ChOM) and may be weighted differently by PDs, we specifically investigated the number of publications by past applicants accepted to top otolaryngology residency programs. Methods: The top 25 otolaryngology residency programs were identified using Doximity, sorting by reputation. Current residents were determined from the programs’ websites. Using PubMed, each resident’s number of publications, authorship status, and journal type were recorded. Results: A total of 24 programs were included in the final analysis and the average number of manuscripts was 2.76 ± 4.01. The mean number of publications in otolaryngology journals was 1.03 ± 1.91. Conclusions: The difference between the investigated average number of publications (2.76) and those published by ChOM (10.4) represent a discrepancy due to the lack of delineation between abstracts, presentations and publications. The reported numbers for research may lead medical students to pursue alternate measures to increase their own research. Some options, such as adding a research year are not universally accessible. A clearer and more detailed approach to reporting research statistics would be beneficial to both applicants and PDs for otolaryngology programs.


Neurosurgery ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Mokin ◽  
Christopher T Primiani ◽  
Keaton Piper ◽  
David Fiorella ◽  
Ansaar Rai ◽  
...  

Abstract INTRODUCTION New devices have allowed endovascular stent-assisted coiling for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. It remains unknown how each type of stent affects the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes of the stent-coiling procedure. METHODS This study compared the outcomes of endovascular coiling of cerebral aneurysms using Neuroform (NEU), Enterprise (EP), and Low-profile Vi_sualized Intraluminal Support (LVIS) stents. Cases of aneurysms treated with more than one type of stents (NEU, EP, LVIS) used for coiling of the same lesion (n = 24) or other devices (n = 32) were excluded. Patient characteristics, angiographic results using the Raymond-Roy grade scale (RRGS), clinical outcomes and procedural complications were analyzed in our study. Patients data was retrospectively collected from 6 academic centers. RESULTS A total of 659 patients with 670 cerebral aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling (NEU, n = 182; EP, n = 158; LVIS, n = 330) were included in final analysis. Patient characteristics included mean age 56 ? 12 yr old, female prevalence 74% and aneurysm rupture on initial presentation of 19%. The degree of occlusion at baseline angiography was significantly associated with age (P = .002), location by circulation (P = .002), aneurysm size (P = .009), and rupture status (P = .013). We found differences in complete occlusion on baseline imaging, defined as RRGS I, among the three stents: LVIS 64% (210/326); NEU 56% (95/169); EP 48% (68/143); P = .008. The difference of complete occlusion on 10.5 mo (mean) and 8 mo (median) angiographic follow-up was also significant: LVIS 84% (251/299); NEU 78% (117/150); EP 67% (83/123); P = .004. There were 7% (47/670) intraprocedural complications and 11.5% (73/632) postprocedural related complications in our cohort. CONCLUSION There were significant affects based on type of stent used for assisted coiling in the immediate and long-term angiographic outcomes in our cohort. Randomized prospective trials are warranted to compare stent types and clinical outcome.


BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e022714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Zhang ◽  
Shaoping Wan ◽  
Biao Zhang ◽  
Fen Dong ◽  
Li Pan ◽  
...  

ObjectiveTo explore the trend of hypertension prevalence and related factors in Yi people from 1996 to 2015.MethodsThree successive cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in 1996, 2007 and 2015, respectively. A total of 8448 participants aged 20–80 years (5040 Yi farmers, 3408 Yi migrants) were included in final analysis.ResultsOverall, the age-standardised prevalence of hypertension in migrants was significantly higher than in farmers. Furthermore, the age-standardised prevalence rates increased from 10.1% to 15.3% to 19.6% in Yi migrants and from 4.0% to 6.3% to 13.1% in Yi farmers during 1996 to 2007 to 2015. The highest 2015-to-1996 ratio of age-standardised hypertension prevalence was in male farmers (ratio=4.30), whereas despite the highest prevalence of hypertension, the equivalent figure in male migrants was 1.57. The older age, overweight and obesity were persistent risk factors of hypertension in three periods. After adjusted for age and body mass index, the difference of hypertension prevalence between 1996 and 2015 then vanished in male migrants (OR=1.335; 95% CI: 0.884 to 2.015) and female farmers (OR=1.267; 95% CI: 0.590 to 2.719). The disparities of hypertension prevalence between Yi migrants and farmers were not statistically significant in all subgroups when adjusted for age, body mass index and education.ConclusionsOver the past two decades, the hypertension prevalence in Yi people has significantly increased. Yi migrants were more likely to be hypertensive than Yi farmers which was predominantly driven by the discrepancy of body mass index between them.


2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Habermas

Abstract Ever since Hegel made poignant the difference between morality and ethical life (“Sittlichkeit”), philosophical discourse in the traditions that developed subsequently, up to and including the Frankfurt school, has oscillated between those poles. This paper starts out with a short exposition of autonomy as one of the few large-scale innovations in the history of philosophy and then proceeds to discuss Hegel’s concept of “Sittlichkeit” and the objections to be raised against it from a Kantian point of view. Political theory, however, has to move beyond pure normativism and consider actual social relations of power, as Marx disclosed. Mapping out this winding trajectory from Kant to Marx provides some perspective that may be illuminating for challenging present-day issues.


2020 ◽  
pp. 019459982096472
Author(s):  
Brent A. Chang ◽  
Joshua Gurberg ◽  
Erin Ware ◽  
Kimberly Luu

Objective To systematically review the literature to determine the difference in complications between standard twill and Velcro ties following pediatric tracheostomy. Data Sources MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and CINAHL Plus were searched up to August 2020. Review Methods Two authors independently screened articles for eligibility. Retrospective and prospective studies were included as long as there was a direct comparison between twill and Velcro ties. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed. The main outcomes were skin-related complications and accidental decannulation. Results Three studies were included in the final analysis: 1 randomized prospective trial and 2 retrospective studies. There were 238 patients total (137 twill, 101 Velcro). Combined analysis showed skin-related complications in 23% of the Velcro group and 44% of the twill group. Meta-analysis for skin-related complications showed no significant difference when comparing Velcro with standard twill ties (risk ratio, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.24-1.17]; P = .12, n = 238 participants from 3 studies, I2 = 66%). Accidental decannulation rates were overall low and comparable between groups (1.0% of twill, 1.4% of Velcro). Conclusion Based on limited data, skin-related complications were not statistically different between Velcro and twill ties. Accidental decannulation is rare with Velcro and standard twill ties, and both are viable options following pediatric tracheostomy.


2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. e45-e50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Lesur ◽  
Marie-Anaïs Remillard ◽  
Catherine St-Pierre ◽  
Simon Falardeau

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hemodynamic and outcome effects of implementing prophylactic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) versus zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) in patients during the postintubation period in the emergency setting.METHODS: The present study was a prospective, single-centre, interventional, single-blinded randomized trial performed in a 16-bed medical intensive care unit. The study cohort consisted of consecutive patients who urgently required intubation. During the postintubation period, patients received either 5 cmH2O PEEP or ZEEP. The primary aim was to assess the variation in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from baseline up to 90 min postintubation. The secondary aim was to determine the mean duration of intubation, level of MAP support after intubation and 28-day mortality.RESULTS: Seventy-five consecutive patients with similar mean (± SD) baseline characteristics and preintubation MAP (76±18 mmHg in the ZEEP group and 78.5±23 mmHg in the PEEP group, P=Not significant [NS]) were studied. The final analysis was performed in 33 patients in the ZEEP group and 30 patients in the PEEP group. Regarding outcome measures following intubation, delta MAP (ie, the difference between the lowest MAP values from baseline) was not differentially affected in either group (P=NS); the mean durations of intubation were similar (ZEEP 9.2±8.5 days versus PEEP 9.2±8.8 days, P=NS); 28-day mortality was not discriminative (ZEEP 14 of 33, PEEP nine of 30; P=NS); and levels of MAP support after intubation were comparable between the two groups.CONCLUSION: In the present trial, there was no evidence that implementing a prophylactic PEEP of 5 cmH2O adversely affects short-term hemodynamics or outcome in medical intensive care patients during the postintubation period.


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