The Owner of the Right over Nature, or Expert Mediators in the Modern Era and at Present

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-148
Author(s):  
Lada V. Shipovalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
New Science ◽  
Honest Broker ◽  
Knowledge Types ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Distributed Expertise ◽  
Scientific Endeavor ◽  
The Right

F. Bacon in his work New Organon proposes a project of a new science, which ensures the desire of human race “to recover its right over nature”. The article examines the work on the universal owner of “the right over nature” in two historical contexts. The first context determines the emergence of modern science. Here Bacon plays the role of an expert mediator who introduces the new scientific method in its broader social meaning. His work on the universal owner of “the right over nature” combines and intersects the cognitive and political aspects of scientific endeavor. The second context covers the present situation after the Scientific-Technical Revolution, when the use of the “right over nature” becomes actual, and not only possible. The contradictions revealed in the first context in the activities of the expert mediator serve as the basis for analyzing the present situation of interaction between science and society. The author describes the expert mediator, corresponding to the modern context of uncertainty and conflict of values, through the concept of “honest broker of policy alternatives” by R. Pielke, as well as through the palette of expert knowledge types presented by the STS researchers. She shows why the presented differentiation of expert knowledge types is not enough to organize the work of an expert mediator as an “honest broker”. In conclusion, she puts forward the hypothesis about distributed expertise, which can represent contemporary work on the owner of the “right over nature” and describes some aspects of this work. The author associates the significance of the hypothesis of distributed expertise with the preservation of the openness of the project of Bacon's new science.

scholarly journals Iss2Image: A Novel Signal-Encoding Technique for CNN-Based Human Activity Recognition

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taeho Hur ◽  
Jaehun Bang ◽  
Thien Huynh-The ◽  
Jongwon Lee ◽  
Jee-In Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Activity Recognition ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Human Activity Recognition ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
Sensor Signal ◽  
Signal Encoding ◽  
The Right

The most significant barrier to success in human activity recognition is extracting and selecting the right features. In traditional methods, the features are chosen by humans, which requires the user to have expert knowledge or to do a large amount of empirical study. Newly developed deep learning technology can automatically extract and select features. Among the various deep learning methods, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have the advantages of local dependency and scale invariance and are suitable for temporal data such as accelerometer (ACC) signals. In this paper, we propose an efficient human activity recognition method, namely Iss2Image (Inertial sensor signal to Image), a novel encoding technique for transforming an inertial sensor signal into an image with minimum distortion and a CNN model for image-based activity classification. Iss2Image converts real number values from the X, Y, and Z axes into three color channels to precisely infer correlations among successive sensor signal values in three different dimensions. We experimentally evaluated our method using several well-known datasets and our own dataset collected from a smartphone and smartwatch. The proposed method shows higher accuracy than other state-of-the-art approaches on the tested datasets.

scholarly journals Euthanasia and suicide: a medical and social discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
V. N. Ostapenko ◽  
I. V. Lantukh ◽  
A. P. Lantukh
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Physician Assisted Suicide ◽  
Adequate Quality ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Strong Explosion ◽  
The Right

Annotation. The problem of suicide and euthanasia has been particularly updated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused a strong explosion of suicide, because medicine was not ready for it, and the man was too weak in front of its pressure. The article considers the issue of euthanasia and suicide based on philosophical messages from the position of a doctor, which today goes beyond medicine and medical ethics and becomes one of the important aspects of society. Medicine has achieved success in the continuation of human life, but it is unable to ensure the quality of life of those who are forced to continue it. In these circumstances, the admission of suicide or euthanasia pursues the refusal of the subject to achieve an adequate quality of life; an end to suffering for those who find their lives unacceptable. The reasoning that banned suicide: no one should harm or destroy the basic virtues of human nature; deliberate suicide is an attempt to harm a person or destroy human life; no one should kill himself. The criterion may be that suicide should not take place when it is committed at the request of the subject when he devalues his own life. According to supporters of euthanasia, in the conditions of the progress of modern science, many come to the erroneous opinion that medicine can have total control over human life and death. But people have the right to determine the end of their lives while using the achievements of medicine, as well as the right to demand an extension of life with the help of the same medicine. They believe that in the era of a civilized state, the right to die with medical help should be as natural as the right to receive medical care. At the same time, the patient cannot demand death as a solution to the problem, even if all means of relieving him from suffering have been exhausted. In defense of his claims, he turns to the principle of beneficence. The task of medicine is to alleviate the suffering of the patient. But if physician-assisted suicide and active euthanasia become part of health care, theoretical and practical medicine will be deprived of advances in palliative and supportive therapies. Lack of adequate palliative care is a medical, ethical, psychological, and social problem that needs to be addressed before resorting to such radical methods as legalizing euthanasia.

Wheat Breeding : Coalescence of a Modern Science, 1900-1939

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
New Science ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
Political Economic

Plant breeding in general and wheat breeding specifically were rudimentary activities on many grounds in the nineteenth century. Not many people engaged in the activity. Those who did were self-taught. because no formal educational programs existed in the subject. For the most part, they had only a few very modest institutional bases within which to work. Many farmers paid them little or no attention, and governments usually ignored their contributions and gave them next to no support. They had no organized way of broadly disseminating their results, which in any case were few in number. By 1970, wheat and other plant breeders occupied a very different position within both the scientific and political economic landscapes. Many people worked as breeders. They were highly trained in educational programs dedicated to the reproduction of plant breeders. Elaborate networks of institutions gave them employment. A substantial proportion of farmers cared very much what they did, and governments gave substantial, sometimes lavish, support. They had means of communicating their work that included both scientific and popular outlets. And they had substantial results to convey to farmers and the general public, some of them remarkable either for their scientific cleverness or for their broad political, economic, and ecological impacts, or both. Another way of gaining perspective on the change in status of wheat and other plant breeders is to suggest that their absence might not have been noticed by anybody but their families had they suddenly disappeared in the nineteenth century. In contrast, the twentieth century came increasingly to depend upon the plant breeders. Cessation of wheat breeding after 1970, for example, would have put some agricultural systems in distinct danger of slow decline or even collapse and failure. In both political economic and ecological terms, an increasing portion of the global human community became absolutely dependent upon wheat breeders and other plant scientists, certainly for prosperity as we now know it and possibly for survival and security. The transformation of wheat breeding from nearly invisible to virtually indispensable resulted from two mutually interacting events: a commercial-industrial revolution in agriculture and construction of a new science of plant breeding.

Not Dead Yet

Teleology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 150-179
Author(s):  
Jeffrey K. McDonough
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Main Section ◽  
Early Modern Science ◽  
Teleological Reasoning ◽  
New Science ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

It is often maintained that teleology was undermined in the early modern era by the scientific revolution. Hoping to correct this misperception, this essay looks at three areas in which teleology was upheld and developed by three pioneers of early modern science. The first main section argues that teleological reasoning is woven into the very fabric of William Harvey’s revolutionary work in biology. The second main section takes up Robert Boyle’s explicit and systematic defense of teleology and especially his effort to reconcile the methods and views of the new science with a deep-seated commitment to divine teleology. Finally, the last main section explores Pierre Maupertuis’s bold attempt to find a place for teleology in the heart of modern, mathematical physics.

6. In Conclusion

1948 ◽  
Vol 52 (454) ◽  
pp. 715-718
Keyword(s):  
Present Situation ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right

I have now reached the end of my task. The theme which I have sought throughout is that operating economics, in the broadest sense, are the essence of commercial Air Transport. The purpose of Air Transport is to improve communications—and to improve them economically. Although Air Transport the World over is losing money at present, through a combination of unfortunate circumstances, the facts of the present situation and of developments in train will, I am sure, confound the prophets of gloom. Air Transport, provided with adequate tools and run on the right methods, can be made to pay—furthermore, air travel can be provided economically at fares which the average man will be able to afford.

Sense and Evidence

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 102-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritika Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Science Studies ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Analysis Experiment ◽  
Complex Knowledge ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Right ◽  
Participant Observer ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This paper takes an ethnographic look at laboratory discourses and procedures in the scientific construction of contemporary ayurvedic research in India. It opens up for analysis an experiment in a ‘transdisciplinary’ research laboratory that seeks to understand the methodological and epistemic logic of ayurvedic pharmacology with the help of research methodologies specific to modern Science. In doing so, this paper unravels the various meanings that Science has for its different stakeholders. I examine—as participant, observer, and trainee—a ‘Sensory Analysis’ experiment conducted by scientists at a pharmacology and pharmacognosy laboratory for ayurvedic medicine in Bangalore. Postcolonial science studies have analysed the ways in which discourses of science lead to new knowledges and technologies as well as new ways of organising traditional medical knowledge. Yet the processes that reconcile traditional and modern methodologies of pharmacological and pharmacognostic research have received less attention. The experiment that I am discussing here revisits the ayurvedic doctrine of savours and qualities to standardise not only the parameters indicating the nature of a drug, but also standardise the human body itself as a tool to develop a specific ayurvedic methodology. I argue that in its association with the laboratory and the experimental method, the pursuit of ‘open-minded’dravyaguṇaresearch conceptualises new research in Ayurveda in terms of the right tools, simplifies complex knowledge, and reorganises the relationship of modern ayurvedic research with classical scientific thought.

The fate of evidence law: Two paths of development

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuhao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Electronic Evidence ◽  
New Science ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Jury Trials ◽  
Evidence Law ◽  
The Right

Evidence law was famously deemed ‘the child of the jury’, its development widely perceived as a by-product of the jury trial. Conventional wisdom tells us that juries, because of their cognitive and epistemic failings, can hardly be trusted and thus need rules of evidence to steer them in the right direction. Therefore, given that jury trials are vanishing in the United States and other common law countries, we must question whether the traditional evidence-law model is sustainable. At the same time that juries have been on the decline, rapid developments in science and technology have led to new forms of evidence, including scientific evidence, electronic evidence and process-based evidence. Presenting these new types of evidence at trials, however, often creates a mismatch with the traditional evidence-law framework. A systematic redesign of 21st-century evidence law to better accommodate the intensified interplay between science, technology and the law seems to be the next natural development. This essay explores these two distinct paths of evidence law—the old, jury-driven model and a new, science-directed model—and argues for preserving the old path while at the same time spending more resources and making greater effort to accommodate these new forms of evidence.

Synchronicity and Responsibility in Semiotics

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Petrilli
Keyword(s):  
Present Situation ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
New Science ◽  
The Future ◽  
Terrestrial Life ◽  
Human World ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Charles Peirce ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe synchronic vision is the expression of conscious awareness of the present situation, a totalizing vision capable of gazing at all of life responsibly, at all semiosis over the planet. John Deely’s vision of synchrony’s inevitable seepage into diachrony is connected with the fact that we are members of the societies of human animals who first engendered a “community of inquirers focused on the action of signs”. Deely reconstructs the pathway that from Saussurean semiology leads through Charles Peirce, Charles Morris, and Thomas Sebeok to the new “science of signs” conceived, recovering Locke, as the “doctrine of signs”. Insofar as the human animal is a “semiotic animal” he or she is capable of metasemiosis and therefore of knowledge and control. Consequently, the human animal, a semiotic animal, is also susceptible of responsibility: responsibility that concerns not only the human world and the possibility of the future of anthroposemiosis, but rather all of semiosis, all of terrestrial life, “Gaia”. Insisting on the interdependency, in semiotics, between synchronicity and responsibility, Deely evidences the specific task of semiotics, which is a task that is reserved to the semiotician as such.

scholarly journals CONCEPTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS IN MODERN SCIENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCESS

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Hut
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Administrative Process ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Narrow Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Broad Understanding

The paper analyzes the concepts of administrative process presented in legal science. It is stated that every concept of the administrative process has the right to exist, because all of them are based on the facts, phenomena and norms actually existing in the legal system of Ukraine. However, three of them are most thoroughly presented in the legal literature: 1) the concept of a broad understanding of the administrative process; 2) jurisdictional (law enforcement) concept of the administrative process; 3) the concept of a narrow understanding of the administrative process. Representatives of a broad understanding of the administrative process argue that the procedural form is present wherever there is a need to implement substantive rules of administrative law, and all organizational legal relations are inherently procedural relations. Representatives of the jurisdictional and law-enforcement concepts of the administrative process, firstly, are convinced that the procedural form can be inherent only in activities related to the administrative-jurisdictional or law-enforcement activities of the competent authorities, and secondly, that the organizational legal relations are evenly distributed between substantive and procedural relations. Representatives of the concept of narrow definition of the administrative process insist that the procedural form relates solely to the activity of one branch of power - the judiciary, and therefore procedural relations arise only in the sphere of administration of justice by the courts.

scholarly journals Biosemiotics, Bioinformatics, and Responsibility: Ambivalent Consequences of the Deciphering of the Human Genome for Society and Science

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski ◽  
Hans-Alfred Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
German Society ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Human Genome Project

Deciphering the Human Genome is one of the greatest achievements of modern science. The genetic code shows the importance of semiotics in our understanding of evolution. Biosemiotics as the study of signs, communication and information in living organisms has very much in common with Bioinformatics. Biology, Bioinformatics, and Bio-semiotics meet, but with ambivalent effects on science and society. In the paper we discuss the scientific and social implications, as well as a number of ethical problems. For instance, does the fertilized egg have the right to human dignity? Should pre-implantation diagnostics remain absolutely prohibited in the German society, while abortion of a twelve-week old fetus after counseling is allowed? What are the genetically engineered interventions that make sense from the few point of medicine, and what are those that should be fundamentally rejected? Furthermore, the possibility is being discussed that the human genome project and the considerations accompanying it may eventually initiate new varieties of eugenics and racism (Fuchs-Kittowski, Rosenthal, Rosenthal 2005).

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