Cultural-Historical Epistemology and Perspectives of the Philosophy of Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Boris I. Pruzhinin ◽  
Tatiana G. Shchedrina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
General View ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Historical Epistemology ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
The One ◽  
Communication In Science ◽  
Large Research

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the methodological effectiveness of one of the directions in developing the philosophy of science – cultural and historical epistemology. Cultural-historical epistemology does not pretend at all to be any radical epistemological originality but offers a general view of science as a part of intellectual culture, where both individual historical cases and broad sociological generalizations find their methodologically significant place. The authors believe that it is the development of methodological norms capable of determining the fundamental parameters and strategies of scientific research that is now the central task of the philosophy of science. One of the characteristic forms of organization of modern advanced science is interdisciplinary research programs that involve the joint activities of large research teams. This fact raises a critical question about the mutual understanding of specialists from different disciplines and, accordingly, about the development of methodological norms that can determine the generally accepted parameters of the reproducibility of cognition results. Thus, in the center of attention of the philosophy of science, epistemological plots are put forward, one way or another connected with a specific understanding of the phenomenon of communication in science. Moreover, according to the authors, in these philosophical and methodological searches, it is essential to overcome, on the one hand, the inclination to conceptual design that leads away from the real methodological needs of science and, on the other hand, straightforward sociologization and equally direct historicization of science. These approaches are fraught with relativization of the very idea of scientific knowledge as a rational phenomenon of culture. The authors of the article believe that in modern conceptual trends in the philosophy of science, it is necessary to accentuate quite traditional epistemological principles, which in their updated edition make it possible to activate, or, as it were, to revive the methodological functions of the philosophy of science that are partially lost today. Justifying this approach, the authors turn to the epistemological trend, which for two decades has been developed based on the traditions of Russian philosophy of the first half of the 20th century.

Conceptualizing Computer Simulations in Philosophy of Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Timur V. Khamdamov ◽  
Mikhail Yu. Voloshin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Taxonomic Problem ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

In the modern Russian philosophy, discussions about the phenomenon of computer simulations in the scientific research practice of conducting experiments are just beginning to pass the stage of initiation in small interdisciplinary groups studying this new direction for the philosophy of science. At the same time, in Western philosophy by the current moment there have been formed entire directions for the study of computer simulations. Different groups of researchers in different ways form ideas about the basic characteristics of simulations: from skeptical views on their nature, which are of no philosophical interest, to extremely revolutionary attitudes that assign simulations to the main role in the next expected turn of philosophy, comparable in its power to the linguistic turn in early XX century. One of the main controversial issues in Western philosophical thought was the search for relevant criteria and signs of simulations that could create a solid basis for formulating a rigorous definition of this phenomenon. Thus, through the definition, researchers first of all try, on the one hand, to solve the taxonomic problem of the correlation and interconnection of simulations with other types of experiment: natural, laboratory, mental, mathematical. On the other hand, to reveal for philosophy ontological and epistemological foundations of simulations, which carry the potential of new philosophical knowledge. This article is devoted to a brief review of the existing concepts of representatives of Western schools of thought on the phenomenon of computer simulations in the context of the philosophy of science. The structure of the review is built on three basic conceptual directions: 1) definition of the term "computer simulation"; 2) computer simulations as an experiment; 3) the epistemic value of simulations. Such a review can become the subject of discussion for Russian researchers interested in the impact of computer simulations on science and philosophy.

scholarly journals Central post stroke pain: What are the new insights?

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
I Putu Eka Widyadharma ◽  
◽  
Clarissa Tertia ◽  
IA Sri Wijayanti ◽  
Jimmy FA Barus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
General View ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
Peripheral Mechanism ◽  
Quality Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Stroke Lesion ◽  
The One

Stroke causes disability with high morbidity and mortality in the world, causes a variety of disabilities and symptoms including disturbances in motor function, sensory, and cognitive. Sensory disability in post stroke patient can be categorized into two group; the one is stimulated by peripheral mechanism which we often called post stroke pain, and another one is stimulated by central mechanism which we called central post stroke pain (CPSP). Pain after stroke is usually underdiagnosed and poorly understood. In 1906, CPSP was called the thalamus pain syndrome by Dejerine and Roussy, but then it is known that CPSP can also developed in extra-thalamic stroke lesion. The prevalence of CPSP is approximately 1-12% in all around the world. CPSP occurs in one-third of overall post-stroke pain cases. In most cases, the onset of CPSP is within 1 month and then the incidence decreases with time. The most common manifestations are allodynia and dysesthesia. The pathophysiology itself remains clearly unknown in detail. Various theories such as central sensitization, disinhibition of medial thalamus, and central imbalance theory thought to be contribute in CPSP pathophysiology. This complexity make CPSP very difficult to manage. Some pharmacotherapies and non-pharmacotherapies have been studied to relieve pain in order to improve the quality life of CPSP sufferers. The aim of this article is to discuss the general view of central post stroke pain to increase the understanding and awareness of health giver in order to give sooner and better management for patient that can affect prognosis of the patient.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION OF INTERACTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS WITH PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AUTHORITIES AND PUBLICAS AN OBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL SUPPORT

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
О. Р. Гресько
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Public ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Clear Result ◽  
Administrative Courts ◽  
The One ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Clear Goal

The purpose of the study is to solve a number of problems, including the need to: analyze the general concept of interaction and concepts of its scientific understanding; define interaction as a legal category; to form the author's vision of the legal category "interaction of administrative courts with bodies with public administration bodies and the public". The article defines that interaction as an object of administrative and legal support is a joint activity of two or more clearly defined subjects of law, regulated by the norms of administrative law, coordinated by purpose, task, place, time and method, aimed at a certain result, and namely – the achievement of the goal, the realization of goals, the solution of specific tasks and objectives, or the preservation and maintenance of the proper existence and functioning of someone or something. It is proposed to understand the interaction of administrative courts with public administration bodies and the public to carry out in the manner and within the limits set by current national legislation joint and agreed on a number of factors (purpose, tasks, time, place, form, methods, etc.) activities, on the one hand, administrative courts, and, on the other hand – public administration and/or the public, which is due to the competence of these entities and aimed at a positive result and consequences, which are to achieve the goals and objectives of such interaction. It was found that the main features of the interaction of administrative courts with public administration bodies and the public are: are joint activities; such activities must be regulated by law; activities must be coordinated; coherence occurs by choosing a clear goal, objectives, time, place, forms and methods of interaction; arises between clearly defined entities – administrative courts and public administration bodies and the public; a prerequisite for interaction should be the presence of an appropriate amount of competence that allows the implementation of such interaction; should be aimed at a clear result, which is to achieve the goals and objectives of such interaction; should be aimed at positive consequences.

Russian philosophy of law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Walicki
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World View ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
American Constitution ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The One

Russian thought is rarely associated with philosophy of law. The intellectuals of pre-revolutionary Russia are known rather for their uncompromising critique of legalism, passing sometimes into a genuine ‘legal nihilism’. Indeed, both right-wing and left-wing Russian thinkers – the Slavophiles and Dostoevskii on the one hand, the populists and anarchists (from Bakunin to Tolstoi) on the other – saw modern rational law as an instrument of egoistic bourgeois individualism, destroying the values of communal collectivism still preserved among the Russian peasantry. This attitude found expression not only in different forms of programmatic anti-capitalism but also in a tendency to discredit civil rights and political liberty as a mere mask for capitalist exploitation. Capitalist development and the juridicization of social bonds it involved were perceived as something peculiar to the West, coming to Russia from without and as such not worthy of acceptance. Law and legal rights were criticized in Russia from many quarters and for various reasons: in defence of an idealized autocracy or in defence of true freedom, on behalf of the Russian soul or on behalf of universal progress towards socialism, in the name of Christ or in the name of Marx. In this manner right-wing and left-wing Russian intellectuals supported one another in creating a peculiar tradition of the censure of law. However, it would be wrong to draw from these facts a conclusion of an inherent hostility between the ‘Russian mind’ and the ‘spirit of law’. The ‘juridical world-view’ of the Enlightenment was well represented in imperial Russia. The modernizing Russian autocrats – Peter the Great and Catherine the Great – believed firmly in the power of rational legislation and won admiration from among leading European thinkers (Leibniz, Voltaire, Diderot) fir setting a good example for Western monarchs. The first radical critic of Russian autocracy, Aleksandr Radishchev (1749–1802), was in turn a theorist of natural law, a firm believer in inalienable human rights, and an enthusiastic worshipper of the American constitution. Under the reign of Alexander I (1801–25), who himself thought seriously about the introduction of constitutional rule in Russia, admiration for law was very strong among Russia’s intellectual elite. Radischchev’s disciples, Ivan Pnin and Vasilii Popugaev, inspired also by the Scottish Enlightenment, advocated the idea of a ‘civil society’ with a developed system of private law and legally safeguarded human rights. Nikita Murav’ev and Pavel Pestel, ideological leaders of the two trends within the Decembrist movement (named so after the abortive uprising of December l825), expressed their ideas in the form of detailed constitutional projects. A common feature of these projects, otherwise very different, was a pronounced juridical rationalism, sharply contrasting with all variants of a sceptical attitude towards law.

Wavelet-Like Receptive Fields Emerges by Non-Linear Minimization of Neuron Error

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
Allan Kardec Barros ◽  
Andrzej Cichocki ◽  
Noboru Ohnishi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Coding ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Natural Images ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Redundancy Reduction ◽  
One Step ◽  
The One ◽  
Mutually Independent ◽  
Large Research

Redundancy reduction as a form of neural coding has been since the early sixties a topic of large research interest. A number of strategies has been proposed, but the one which is attracting most attention recently assumes that this coding is carried out so that the output signals are mutually independent. In this work we go one step further and suggest an strategy to deal also with non-orthogonal signals (i.e., ''dependent'' signals). Moreover, instead of working with the usual squared error, we design a neuron where the non-linearity is operating on the error. It is computationally more economic and, importantly, the permutation/scaling problem10 is avoided. The framework is given with a biological background, as we avocate throughout the manuscript that the algorithm fits well the single neuron and redundancy reduction doctrine.5 Moreover, we show that wavelet-like receptive fields emerges from natural images processed by this algorithm.

scholarly journals Philosophy and the Sciences After Kant

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 275-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Massimi
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
International Conference ◽  
American Philosophical Association ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
University Of Notre Dame ◽  
The One

On 11th October 2007, at the first international conference on Integrated History and Philosophy of Science (&HPS1) hosted by the Center for Philosophy of Science in Pittsburgh, Ernan McMullin (University of Notre Dame) portrayed a rather gloomy scenario concerning the current relationship between history and philosophy of science (HPS), on the one hand, and mainstream philosophy, on the other hand, as testified by a significant drop in the presence of HPS papers at various meetings of the American Philosophical Association (APA).

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