Ordinary and Extraordinary

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
W. Jerome Bracken ◽  

A theological and historical background is needed for understanding the terms ordinary and extraordinary regarding the care required for one seriously ill. This background is theological, since one’s care is directed to our life on earth and our ultimate happiness that comes from God. So, one needs the knowledge given by God in revelation and in natural law written in our hearts. Besides our own powers of acting, we need the help of others as well as of God, through his grace and sacraments. The historical view is given because situations change, and so our judgment must change. In God’s law, one must eat to live but not if it becomes a torture. Domingo de Soto gave the name ordinary for the former and extraordinary for the latter. With the arrival of anesthesia and antiseptics, the pain and terrible outcomes, which made amputation an extraordinary means, no longer did so.

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-550
Author(s):  
Donovan O. Schaefer

Abstract Is there a queer Darwin? It is often assumed that Darwinian biology is an ally of conservative approaches to sexuality and gender. The Christian legal framework known as natural law philosophy, for instance, reads Darwin as a champion of heterosexual coupling, proving the biological imperative of straight sex. Some feminist readings of Darwin (such as that of Elizabeth Grosz) find in Darwin a confirmation of the necessity of sexual difference organized around masculinity and femininity—an approach Myra Hird has called the “ontology of heterosexuality.” But these interpretations are incorrect. Schaefer argues that far from being an advocate for the ontology of heterosexuality, Darwin provides tools to demolish it. Turning to his research on barnacles and orchids and his speculation on the sources of organic variation, this essay highlights the irreducible importance of diversity and change for Darwin's framework. The ongoing ferment of variation that is the guideline of all life on earth extends not only to the morphology of sex organs but to desire itself. Darwin shows that the ontology of heterosexuality is an arbitrary snapshot, a single moment in the fluid trajectory of life, rather than a law that can be arbitrarily cast over the whole arc. In this, Darwin supports Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's first axiom for queer theory: “People are different from each other.” The essay concludes by connecting a Darwinian approach to sex with José Esteban Muñoz's call for a queer ecstasy that anticipates the futurity of desire.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sani ◽  
Abida Parveen

Hinduism Tradition of Sati - burning of a wife on the fire after her husband's death. Its historical and critical review. The custom of Sati has gained a peculiar notoriety with reference to Hindu Society and Hinduism in the civilizations and cultural system of the world and in world religions. There is a fundamental importance of various customs and rituals in Hinduism. The customs and ceremonies of Hindu civilization, culture and their religious values and teachings the part of them. In these rituals, Sati is also a ritual which has been practiced from a long time, having the certification from religion in Hindu social system. It has been existing in the Hindu Civilization and social system for centuries. Widows, with the name of Sati, have been putting themselves on the pyres of husband in fire, after their death. This research based article is written after making a thorough study of the books of Hindu religion, its history, books and literature written on custom observing in society. It presents its reasons and causes of historical view, critically besides its historical background. It opens up the causes and reasons of this human's ritual from its start to practice and its evolution in the Hindu Social System. L


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-470
Author(s):  
Aulia Rahmat

Hugo Grotius is a figure who is recognized as a thinker from rational natural law. Grotius thought about law is interesting to review, because of their existence at the turn of the Middle Ages and the tendency to shift or change of thought and knowledge at that time. This article shows that the socio-historical background of Grotius was born and grew up influencing him as a humanist and secular legal figure. At first, the rationalization of law by Grotius was carried out by humanizing natural law, but at the next stage he cundocted secularization by limiting religious domination of state authority. This shift in thinking occurred during the Middle Ages, where reason was no longer intended to explain Divine reason but rather emphasized the ability of logical thinking in humans. In this way, the law-making authority is slowly shifted from God to human ratio. This article also shows that the rationalization of law by Grotius is urgent and relevant at this time, especially in the development of international humanitarian law, international treaty law, intellectual property law, alternative dispute resolution, and arbitration. For Indonesia, the legal idea from Grotius is also relevant in seeking the role of law that supports the development of the economic and tourism sector, which has recently become a priority. Abstrak Hugo Grotius merupakan tokoh yang dikenali sebagai pemikir dari kalangan hukum alam yang rasional. Pemikiran Grotius tentang hukum menarik untuk diulas, mengingat keberadaannya pada masa peralihan Abad Pertengahan dan kecenderungan pergeseran atau perubahan pemikiran dan pengetahuan pada masa itu. Artikel ini menunjukkan, latar belakang sosio-historis Grotius lahir dan besar turut memengaruhinya sebagai tokoh yang berhukum secara humanis sekaligus sekular. Apabila pada awalnya rasionalisasi hukum oleh Grotius dilakukan dengan melakukan humanisasi terhadap hukum alam, pada tahap berikutnya ia melakukan sekularisasi dengan mengadakan pembatasan dominasi agama terhadap otoritas kekuasaan negara. Pergeseran pemikiran ini terjadi pada masa peralihan Abad Pertengahan, di mana akal budi tidak lagi dimaksudkan untuk menjelaskan akal budi ilahiah melainkan lebih menekankan pada kemampuan berpikir logis manusia. Dengan begitu, otoritas pembuatan hukum perlahan digeser dari Tuhan kepada rasio manusia. Artikel ini juga menunjukkan, rasionalisasi hukum oleh Grotius urgen dan relevan pada saat ini terutama dalam pengembangan hukum humaniter internasional, hukum perjanjian internasional, hukum kekayaan intelektual, hukum perdamaian, alternatif penyelesaian sengketa, dan juga arbitrase. Bagi Indonesia, ide hukum dari Grotius juga relevan dalam mengupayakan peran hukum yang mendukung pengembangan sektor ekonomi dan pariwisata, yang belakangan ini menjadi prioritas.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document