Sweatshops and Respect for Persons

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis G. Arnold ◽  
Norman E. Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Living Wage ◽  
Respect For Persons ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Manufacturing Facilities

Abstract:This article applies the Kantian doctrine of respect for persons to the problem of sweatshops. We argue that multinational enterprises are properly regarded as responsible for the practices of their subcontractors and suppliers. We then argue that multinational enterprises have the following duties in their off-shore manufacturing facilities: to ensure that local labor laws are followed; to refrain from coercion; to meet minimum safety standards; and to provide a living wage for employees. Finally, we consider and reply to the objection that improving health and safety conditions and providing a living wage will cause greater harm than good.

Respect for Workers in Global Supply Chains: Advancing the Debate Over Sweatshops

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis G. Arnold ◽  
Norman E. Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Living Wage ◽  
Respect For Persons ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Inaccurate Reading

ABSTRACT:In “Sweatshops and Respect for Persons” we argued on Kantian grounds that managers of multinational enterprises (MNEs) have the following duties: to adhere to local labor laws, to refrain from coercion, to meet minimum health and safety standards, and to pay workers a living wage. In their commentary on our paper Sollars and Englander challenge some of our conclusions. We argue here that several of their criticisms are based on an inaccurate reading of our paper, and that none of the remaining criticisms successfully challenge our main arguments. By highlighting the shortcomings of their arguments we hope to advance discussion of the ethical treatment of workers in global supply chains.

Day-Care Standards: Need and Impact

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-236
Author(s):  
Sue Bredekamp
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Organization ◽  
Accreditation System ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Quality Programs ◽  
Eligibility Requirements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Licensing Standards

Any discussion of standards, no matter how brief, must first acknowledge that there are different types of standards established for different purposes. As the director of the national voluntary accreditation system for child care centers and schools established by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), I am most familiar with the need and impact of accreditation standards, which are, by definition, standards for distinguishing high-quality programs established by a professional organization. In any case the implementation of a national accreditation system is heavily influenced by local and state licensing standards, which are mandatory government regulations that establish a baseline of protection. Accreditation and licensing standards are both influenced by model standards such as the health and safety standards of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Public Health Association.1 These standards establish a model, based on the best professional evidence, that serves as a reference for the other two systems but does not carry an enforcement system of its own. This paper will discuss the need for and impact of all three types of standards from the point of view of my experience in operating NAEYC's accreditation system.2 Because our accreditation process is nationally administered, we have the opportunity to observe the impact of diverse licensing standards on quality. In order to maintain accessibility we have relatively few eligibility requirements, and because we do not require 100% compliance with our criteria, we also have the opportunity to observe the interrelationships among standards and other effects. One caveat must be offered at the outset.

scholarly journals Trabalho digno para quem? Sobre a formalização do trabalho precário no Brasil / Decent work for whom? About the formalization of precarious work in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-586
Author(s):  
Marina Batista Chaves Azevedo de Souza ◽  
Viviane Fonseca Santos ◽  
Daniela Da Silva Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Labor Relations ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
Precarious Work ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
The Government

A arte desenhada sobre papel simboliza os trabalhadores e as trabalhadoras, e suas constantes lutas sociais pela manutenção dos direitos trabalhistas no Brasil, conquistados na década de 1943, com a Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas (CLT). Trata-se de um estatuto de Normas Regulamentadoras - NR de relações individuais e coletivas de trabalho para aqueles contratados formalmente com vínculo empregatício. Em 2017, o Governo aprova a Lei nº 13.467, reconhecida como Reforma Trabalhista, a qual exclui mais de cem artigos da CLT, reduz direitos e o papel do Estado em relação à proteção da dignidade do trabalhador. Posteriormente, a classe trabalhadora sofreu novo impacto em 2019, momento em que o Governo Federal promoveu a extinção do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE), órgão responsável pela fiscalização e regulamentação das relações de trabalho no país. Isso gerou o fracionamento das atribuições das Leis de trabalho em três pastas ministeriais, fragilizando ainda mais as normas trabalhistas, dificultando a interlocução entre o trabalhador e empregadores e formalizando a precarização do trabalho. Nesse sentido, a imagem representa os desmontes que o trabalhador vem sofrendo, ao longo dos anos, em relação à legislação e aos direitos trabalhistas, mas também à saúde e à previdência social. A flexibilização das relações no ambiente laboral revela uma nova configuração do mundo do trabalho, uma realidade ainda mais perversa, pautada em um discurso neoliberalista de "menos direitos e mais liberdade para o trabalhador", porém, que carrega como consequências a redução do emprego digno, de saúde e segurança para os trabalhadores brasileiros. AbstractThe art drawn on paper symbolizes the workers and their constant social struggles for the maintenance of labor rights in Brazil, conquered in the 1943s by the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT). The CLT is a statute of the Regulatory Norms - NR about individual and collective labor relations for those formally hired with an employment relationship. In the year of 2017, the Government approved the Law 13.467 that implemented a Labor Reform, which excludes more than one hundred articles from CLT reducing many workers rights and the role of the State regarding the protection and dignity of the workers. Subsequently, the working class suffered a new impact in the year of 2019, when the Federal Government extinguished the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE), the institution responsible to monitor and regulate labor relations in Brazil. This fact caused a division of the attributions of the Labor Laws into Three Ministerial Portfolios, further weakening labor standards making it more difficult for workers and employers to communicate with each other, formalizing precarious work. Thus, this image represents the problems workers has been suffering, over the years, due to the lack of labor rights, health and social security. The flexibilization of labor relations reveals a new configuration for the labor society and provides an even more perverse reality based on a neoliberalist discourse that propagates the idea of "less rights and more freedom for the workers", reducing decent employment, health and safety for Brazilian workers.Keywords: Labor Legislation; Occupational Health; Occupational Therapy; Precarious Employment; Work. ResumenEl arte dibujado en papel simboliza a los trabajadores masculinos y femeninos, y sus constantes luchas sociales para el mantenimiento de los derechos laborales en Brasil, logrados en la década de 1943, con la Consolidación de las Leyes Laborales (CLT). Este es un estatuto de Normas Reguladoras - NR de relaciones trabajo individual y colectivo para aquellos formalmente contratados. En 2017, el Gobierno aprobó la Ley 13.467, reconocida como Reforma Laboral, que excluye más de cien artículos del CLT, reduce los derechos y el papel del Estado en relación con la protección de la dignidad de los trabajadores. Posteriormente, la clase trabajadora sufrió un nuevo impacto en 2019, cuando el Gobierno Federal promovió la extinción del Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo (MTE), el organismo responsable de la inspección y regulación de las relaciones laborales en el país. Esto condujo a la división de las atribuciones de las leyes laborales en tres carteras ministeriales, debilitando aún más las normas laborales, dificultando la comunicación entre trabajadores y empleadores y formalizando el trabajo precario. En este sentido, la imagen representa el desmantelamiento que el trabajador ha estado sufriendo, a lo largo de los años, en relación con la legislación y los derechos laborales, pero también con la salud y la seguridad social. La flexibilización de las relaciones en el entorno laboral revela una nueva configuración del mundo del trabajo, una realidad aún más perversa, basada en un discurso neoliberalista de "menos derechos y más libertad para el trabajador", pero con la consecuencia de reducir el empleo decente, salud y seguridad para los trabajadores brasileños.Palabras clave: Empleo Precario; Legislación Laboral; Salud Laboral; Terapia Ocupacional; Trabajo.      

scholarly journals Occupational Health and Safety Standards of Foreign Seasonal Farm Workers: Evaluation of Personal Protection Measures, Policies and Practices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swarna Weerasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Occupational Health And Safety ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Seasonal Farm Workers ◽  
Policies And Practices

Health and safety standards are paramount to all agricultural workers and more so to the foreign seasonal farm workers. European, North American and Oceanic agricultural sector heavily depends on the foreign workers migrating temporarily to carryout seasonal agricultural work that are not attractive to local citizens. The aim of this chapter is to critically analyze existing workplace health and safety measures, policies and practices of Foreign agricultural workers with a secondary focus on Canadian public health standards that applies to COVID-19 pandemic control and beyond. During the pandemic, many countries opened international labour migration as a measure of economic recovery. Recent news media reported two Caribbean workers in the Canadian Agricultural sector, had died of COVID-19 complications. The basis of this chapter is the research based evidence that the author carried out on occupational health and safety standards of the population of foreign seasonal farm workers using a multi-method data collection: a scoping review of existing standards, policies and practices and personal interviews with seasonal agricultural workers and their employers. This chapter provides a critical analysis of data from multiple sources and from multiple jurisdictions to uncover gaps and malpractices of existing occupational health and safety practice standards for illness and injury prevention of foreign seasonal farm workers.

scholarly journals Occupational exoskeletons: A roadmap toward large-scale adoption. Methodology and challenges of bringing exoskeletons to workplaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Crea ◽  
Philipp Beckerle ◽  
Michiel De Looze ◽  
Kevin De Pauw ◽  
Lorenzo Grazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Standards And Regulations ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The large-scale adoption of occupational exoskeletons (OEs) will only happen if clear evidence of effectiveness of the devices is available. Performing product-specific field validation studies would allow the stakeholders and decision-makers (e.g., employers, ergonomists, health, and safety departments) to assess OEs’ effectiveness in their specific work contexts and with experienced workers, who could further provide useful insights on practical issues related to exoskeleton daily use. This paper reviews present-day scientific methods for assessing the effectiveness of OEs in laboratory and field studies, and presents the vision of the authors on a roadmap that could lead to large-scale adoption of this technology. The analysis of the state-of-the-art shows methodological differences between laboratory and field studies. While the former are more extensively reported in scientific papers, they exhibit limited generalizability of the findings to real-world scenarios. On the contrary, field studies are limited in sample sizes and frequently focused only on subjective metrics. We propose a roadmap to promote large-scale knowledge-based adoption of OEs. It details that the analysis of the costs and benefits of this technology should be communicated to all stakeholders to facilitate informed decision making, so that each stakeholder can develop their specific role regarding this innovation. Large-scale field studies can help identify and monitor the possible side-effects related to exoskeleton use in real work situations, as well as provide a comprehensive scientific knowledge base to support the revision of ergonomics risk-assessment methods, safety standards and regulations, and the definition of guidelines and practices for the selection and use of OEs.

scholarly journals Relationship between Motivation, Knowledge, and Availability with the Use of Personal Protective Equipment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Yogi Adiputro
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Clinical Laboratories

Introduction: Clinical laboratories are a kind of workplace that must be designed in strict compliance with occupational health and safety standards to create a safe work environment. Fatal work accidents can inflict injuries caused by improper use of equipment, poisoning due to chemical substances in clinical laboratories, and transmission of dangerous diseases. Methods: This is an observational research with a cross sectional approach. The population of this study was 15 health analysts in the X Regional Clinical Laboratory of East Java. The research used total sampling method, carried out from July to September 2018. The dependent variable is the use of PPE and the independent variables are the lack of control and the basic causes. Data were analyzed using Chi square and Spearman correlation tests. Results: 53.3% of the employees of X Regional Clinical Laboratory of East Java use PPE accordingly. There is a strong relationship between knowledge and the use of PPE (r= 0.607). There is a strong correlation between the motivation and the use of PPE (r= 0.600). There is a strong relationship between the availability of PPE and the use of PPE (r = 0.756). Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between knowledge, motivation, and availability of PPE with the use of PPE.Keywords: knowledge, motivation, personal protective equipment

scholarly journals Sanitation and hygiene school schools in Tobolsk province in the end of XIX century

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
Aleksandr A. Valitov ◽  
I. S. Tomilov ◽  
D. Yu. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
Hygienic Conditions

In the article there is considered the history of the development of sanitary and hygienic standards in school institutions of Tobolsk province in the late XIX century. In comparative terms there is characterized the presented in that period the legal framework regulating of abidance by hygienic and sanitary standards in educational institutions. There was executed an careful analysis of hygienic conditions on the example of the Tobolsk male gymnasium with a comparison of similar conditions in another Siberian educational/childcare institution - the Yenisei female progymnasium. The main sources in the study were reports of educators: I. Gursky - about hygienic living conditions of the inmates of the Tobolsk gymnasium and P.M. Golovachev - about sanitary conditions in the Yenisei female gymnasium. Contemporaries paid a great attention to such health and safety standards as heating, ventilation, lighting, capacity of classrooms and boarding facilities, the violation of which led to a deterioration in the health of students and the growth of the epidemics in mention educational institutions

Water quality assessment for beach balneability on the beach Beira Rio - Porto Nacional – TO / Avaliação da qualidade das águas para balneabilidade na praia Beira Rio – Porto Nacional – TO

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 55661-55670
Author(s):  
Ângelo Ricardo Balduino ◽  
Salomão Rodrigues De Castro Filho
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The Tocantins River has abundant water resources and favorable conditions for recreational activities, with emphasis on the beautiful natural beaches formed along its length. However, it is worth noting that the main contact entertainment and leisure activities require specific health and safety standards for bathing purposes. This study evaluated the water quality of Praia Beira Rio, in Porto Nacional-Tocantins, in only one point. For this purpose, microbiological analysis was performed using indicators of total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli) following the method described by APHA (2005). The monitoring results were compared with the parameters for bathing purposes defined in CONAMA Resolution 274/00. To detect and identify total coliforms and Escherichia coli, the Colilert technique was used. The Escherichia coli content was low, allowing bathing waters to be classified as their own, according to CONAMA Resolution No. 274/00, and subdivided into the "excellent" category. Therefore, according to the bacterial indicators of the Escherichia coli group, during the analysis period, the waters of Praia Beira Rio were within the standards for primary contact recreation.

Restorative Regulation of Criminality at Work in Canada

2020 ◽  
pp. 516-534
Author(s):  
Bruce P Archibald QC
Keyword(s):  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Workplace Health ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Labour Standards

This chapter suggests a way of enriching the normative theorization of the interface between labour law and criminal law in Canada. It homes in on the role of the criminal law in enforcing worker-protective labour standards, in particular with regard to workplace health and safety. Focusing specially on penal policy in respect of violations of health and safety standards by employing enterprises and by individual members of the staff of those enterprises, this chapter contends that there is real scope for bringing to bear the principles and tenets of restorative justice upon the practice of applying criminal or quasi-criminal sanctions in this regulatory domain. This might generate some more nuanced and creative regulatory approaches than those which are sometimes manifested in high-profile corporate criminal prosecutions and by the imposition of blockbusting fines upon such corporations. Moreover, the chapter argues that certain of the currently much-discussed human capabilities approaches to legal regulation might be deployed to develop and flesh out a methodology of restorative justice in this particular context.

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