scholarly journals The e-commerce international consumer contract in the European Union

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Anabela Susana de Sousa Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Consumer Contract ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Rome Convention ◽  
Consumer Contracts ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
Rome I

Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) adapts the rule laid down in the Rome Convention regarding international consumer contracts, to take into account the requirements of the consumer protection in an international contract, as the weaker party, and the demands of electronic commerce. Article 6 determines the types of international contract protected and establishes the mechanisms to protect the consumer. However, the legal provision in question is not free from complications and requires an effort of interpretation to adjust the rule to the diffuse nature of the internet and to the characteristics of electronic commerce. This paper identifies the difficulties of application of the provision to e-commerce and discusses the interpretative options of the European Union Court of Justice (ECJ).

Party Autonomy in the Brussels I Regulation and Rome I Regulation and the European Court of Justice

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1505-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Jaap Kuipers
Keyword(s):  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Brussels Convention ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Rome Convention ◽  
The Status ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
Rome I

The relationship between Community law and Private International Law (PIL) did not have an easy start. The original EEC Treaty merely made one reference to PIL. The notable exception was the Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (1968), an international convention concluded on the basis of art. 220 EEC (293 EC). The Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (1980) did not even have an explicit legal basis. After the adoption of the Rome Convention it remained relatively silent on the Community level. It did not help that due to the status of international convention the European Court of Justice (ECJ) was deprived of any power of interpretation. The problem was resolved in two separate protocols. The protocol on the Brussels Convention entered into force in 1975 and the protocol on the Rome Convention only entered into force in 2004. Whereas there has been a substantial amount of case-law on the Brussels Convention, the ECJ only delivered its first judgment on the Rome Convention in October 2009.

Business to Consumer (B2C) E-Commerce Decade Evolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios Drigas ◽  
Panagiotis Leliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
B2c Electronic Commerce ◽  
The Way

This paper is a review on Business to Consumer (B2C) electronic commerce (e-commerce) and it studies its evolution over the last decade. The Internet characteristics that affect B2C are the Internet growth, which at first includes the number of Internet users and secondly, the infrastructure, which is basically the quality and speed of the lines. Moreover, the way the Internet growth has affected the B2C e-commerce growth over the last ten years is studied in three major countries-areas. The USA because it is an Internet developed country with vast e-commerce sales, China because it is a rapidly developing Internet country with a large number of users and fast e-commerce activity growth in the last decade and finally, the European Union, because of its diversity in Internet and e-commerce growth. This paper focuses on the aforementioned three geographic areas and extracts its conclusions from the observations of B2C behavior growth in these areas.

scholarly journals Personalized agreement – a new contractual model

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1021
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Południak-Gierz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
Science Centre ◽  
National Science ◽  
Consumer Contracts ◽  
New Type

In consumer e-commerce, personalization of the content of an agreement in accordance with expectations, traits and circumstances of a particular person has become a common practice. In order to adequately address this new phenomenon, it is crucial to determine how the legal system should perceive consumer contracts concluded via the Internet with the use of personalization tools. For this purpose, the European Union perspective is adopted. Peculiarities of personalized agreements are varied. The entrepreneur has access to a vast amount of data on consumers and he is able to use it to his benefit by personalizing means, time and content of communication sent while forming a contractual bond with the consumer. In contrast, the consumer is not familiar with the scope and the utility of the data that the trader is processing. Also, personalization practices are aimed at inspiring trust in the trader, which, in sum, make the consumer especially exposed to manipulation. As a result, the asymmetry between the parties deepens. Personalization can be, therefore, perceived as a marketing technique. However, due to its impact on the contractual relationship, it is justified to explore also whether it could be treated as a new type of contract or an emerging contractual model. The analysis suggests that the phenomenon should be considered as another step in the evolution of consumer contracts — personalization, to a certain extent, supersedes standardization of mass turnover in the online environment. The following article is a part of the research conducted within the framework of project no. 2016/21/N/HS5/00167, ‘Personalized agreements in the light of civil law’, grant financed by the Polish National Science Centre.

EU Tackles Cybercrime

2011 ◽  
pp. 431-438
Author(s):  
Sylvia Mercado Kierkegaard
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Communication Infrastructure ◽  
International Response ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Eu

The growing importance of information and communication infrastructure opens up new opportunities for criminal activities. The European Union has therefore taken a number of steps to fight harmful and illegal content on the Internet, protect intellectual property and personal data, promote electronic commerce and tighten up the security of transactions. However, in spite of the EU initiatives, many observers believe that cybercrime requires an international response that should include countries that are havens for cybercriminals.

Performance of Obligations as the Basis of Jurisdiction and Choice of Law (Lugano and Brussels Conventions Article 5(1) and Rome Convention Article 4)

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Brussels Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Rome Convention ◽  
The Law ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
Article 5 ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWhen a dispute arises in connection with an international contract, it is necessary to clarify two matters: (i) the courts of which country are competent to decide on the dispute, and (ii) the law of which country applies to the merits of the dispute. Within the European Union, these matters are clarified, respectively, by the Brussels Convention on (i.a.) jurisdiction and by the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. The scope of application of the Brussels Convention is extended also to cover the EFTA Countries, through the Lugano Convention. The scope of the Rome Convention, on the contrary, does not reach beyond the European Union. This imbalance in the relationship between choice of forum and choice of law is particularly noticeable in Norway, which does not have a codified system of choice of law rules. The relationship between choice of forum rules and choice of law rules is highlighted in this article from the point of view of a specific connecting factor: the performance of the disputed obligation.

scholarly journals Jurisdiction and applicable law to claims related to the payment of contributions to the budget of an association of property owners for the maintenance of the communal areas of a building. Comment on the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 8 May 2019, Brian Andrew Kerr v Pavlo Postnov and Natalia Postnova, C-25/18 = Jurisdicción y ley aplicable a las reclamaciones relacionadas con el pago de las contribuciones al presupuesto de una comunidad de propietarios para el mantenimiento de las zonas comunes de un edificio. Comentario a la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea de 8 de mayo de 2019, Brian Andrew Kerr contra Pavlo Postnov y Natalia Postnova, C-25/18

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Jonatan Echebarría Fernández
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Communal Areas ◽  
Rome I

Abstract: This comment on the judgment C-25/18 analyses the characterisation of the outstanding amounts payable by the owners of an apartment to the manager of the association of owners of the building in concept of maintenance costs of communal areas. The Court of Justice of the European Union identifies the court having jurisdiction according to Article 7(1)(a) (matters related to contract) of the Brussels I Recast Regulation and the applicable law according to Articles 4(1)(b) (provision of services). However, Article 4(1)(c) (rights in rem in immovable property) of the Rome I Regulation is not applicable.Keywords: actions in contract, provision of services, rights in rem, Court of Justice of the European Union, jurisdiction, applicable law, Brussels I Recast Regulation, Rome I Regulation, Rome II Regulation.Resumen: Este comentario sobre la sentencia C-25/18 analiza la caracterización de las cantidades pendientes de pago por los propietarios de un apartamento al gerente de la asociación de propietarios del edificio en concepto de gastos de mantenimiento de las zonas comunes. El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea identifica al tribunal competente según el artículo 7(1)(a) (asuntos relacionados con el contrato) del Reglamento de Bruselas I y la legislación aplicable según el artículo 4(1)(b) (prestación de servicios). Sin embargo, el artículo 4(1)(c) (derechos reales sobre bienes inmuebles) del Reglamento Roma I no es aplicable.Palabras clave: acciones contractuales, prestación de servicios, derechos reales, Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, jurisdicción, legislación aplicable, Reglamento refundido de Bruselas I, Reglamento Roma I, Reglamento Roma II.

scholarly journals Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 12 lutego 2015 r. w sprawie Sähköalojen ammattiliitto ry c/a Elektrobudowa Spółka Akcyjna (C‑396/13)

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 191-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Witold Kurowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Rome I

This paper aims to comment an important ruling concerning the Posted Workers Directive (Directive 96/71/EC). In the judgement C-396/13 (Sähköalojen ammattiliitto ry v. Elektrobudowa Spółka Akcyjna), the European Court of Justice providedits pro-worker’s interpretation of Art 3 of Directive 96/71/EC concerning the scope of the "minimum pay rate". The second issue raised by the European Court of Justice was the assignability of pay claims governed by Polish law based on Art 14 (2) of Rome I Regulation and prohibited under that law. In commented judgement, the Court admitted the assignment of claims arising from employment relationships in light of article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and accepted the trade union’s right to represent the posted workers.

scholarly journals Two European Conflicts Conventions

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Friedrich K Juenger
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Brussels Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Conflict Of Laws ◽  
Rome Convention ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Contractual Obligations

The states of the European Union have so far concluded two major conflict of laws conventions:  The Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, and the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations.  Professor Juenger here reflects on the creation and experience of these treaties and concludes that the Brussels/Lugano Conventions present a model for the world while the Rome Convention shows what to avoid.

Judicial Dialogue between the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Field of Legal Liability for Posting Hyperlinks

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 432-448
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Oręziak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Functional Interpretation ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper discusses the judicial dialogue between the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union regarding the placing of hyperlinks on the internet. Firstly, the case law of the CJEU in the light of the linkage is analysed. This shows the scope of restrictions created by this judicial authority in the area of copyright. Secondly, the judgment of the ECHR will be cited and analysed as regards the relationship between placing hyperlinks on the internet and freedom of expression. There is a judicial dialogue with the CJEU, which focuses attention on the human rights aspect of hyperlinks. Thirdly, the correlation between the jurisprudence of the CJEU and the ECHR will be analysed, including a functional interpretation. The paper ends with a discussion about the potential of this judicial dialogue for the wider purpose of building an optimal model for European dialogue.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document