The Directions of Changes in the Secondary Comprehensive School System for Girls within the Polish Territories During the Partitions Period and the II Republic of Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dormus
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
School System ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Secondary Level ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
State Grammar

The manner in which secondary school education for girls was transforming within the Polish territories during the partitions period and under the II Republic of Poland is a complex issue which, on the one hand, inscribes into the educational policy executed by the partitioning states and later on by Polish authorities, while, on the other hand into a broad scope of changes regarding the social position of women. For a long time, girls were perceived, first and foremost, as future wives, mothers, and housekeepers. As a result, the need to create female grammar schools, that is, comprehensive schools that would prepare them for university studies, was disregarded. However, various post-primary schools were established with the aim to prepare girls for their future roles or, alternatively, provide qualifications enabling them to become school teachers. These schools could also be attended by those girls who wished to expand and supplement their general education. Not until the II Republic of Poland was the male and female school system standardised at the secondary level. Yet, girls continued to struggle to complete the secondary level of education due to a smaller number of state grammar schools addressed at female students.

scholarly journals De Vlaamse patriotten en de natievorming. Hoe de Vlaamse natie ophield 'klein' te zijn

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-248
Author(s):  
Bruno De Wever ◽  
Frans-Jos Verdoodt ◽  
Antoon Vrints
Keyword(s):  
Social Background ◽  
Social Program ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Influential Theory

Het artikel toetst de invloedrijke theorie van Miroslav Hroch over de ontwikkeling van ‘kleine’ naties in het territorium van een dominante natie toe aan de hand van de casus Vlaanderen. Er wordt met name aandacht besteed aan de sociale achtergrond van de Vlaamse patriotten en aan het sociaal programma dat ze ontwikkelen in relatie tot de Vlaamse natie. Het essayistische betoog verdedigt de hypothese dat de Vlaamse beweging er lange tijd niet in slaagde de arbei-dersbeweging en de werkgevers te integreren in de Vlaamse natie, waardoor die in de opvattingen van Hroch ‘gedesintegreerd’ bleef en dus ‘klein’. De sociale achtergrond van de Vlaamse patriotten bleef beperkt tot de middengroepen; hun programma was niet of slechts in beperkte mate gericht op de integratie van andere sociale groepen. Dit veranderde pas vanaf de jaren 1960, toen enerzijds als gevolg van sociaaleconomische veranderingen de middengroepen expandeerden en anderzijds door sociaal-culturele veranderingen het Vlaams natieproject een ruimere sociale basis kreeg. De Vlaamse patriotten slaagden er in een proces van staatshervormingen op gang te brengen waardoor de Vlaamse natie zich reproduceerde in de dagelijkse realiteit. In die omstandigheden voltrok zich dan toch de massificatie van de Vlaamse natie waardoor die ophield ‘klein’ te zijn ten opzichte van de Belgische.________Flemish Patriots and Nation-Forming. How the Flemish Nation Ceased to Be “Small”This article tests the influential theory of Miroslav Hroch concerning the development of ‘small’ nations within the territory of a dominant nation on the basis of the case of Flanders. Namely, attention is paid to the social background of the Flemish patriots and the social program that they developed in relation to the Flemish nation. The argument of this essay defends the hypothesis that, for a long time, the Flemish Movement did not succeed in integrating the workers’ movement and employers into the Flemish nation, and thus in Hroch’s conception it remained ‘disintegrated’ and thus ‘small’. The social background of the Flemish patriots remained restricted to the middle classes; their program was barely, if at all, geared toward the integration of other social groups. This did not change until the 1960s, when, on the one hand, the middle classes expanded as a result of socioeconomic changes and, on the other hand, the Flemish national project obtained a larger social basis through sociocultural changes. Flemish patriots succeeded in getting a process of devolution underway, by which the Flemish nation reproduced itself in day-to-day life. In these circumstances, the massification of the Flemish nation happened, whereby it ceased to be ‘small’ with regard to the Belgian.

scholarly journals De la escena a las aulas: los artistas y la incorporación de la danza española y el baile flamenco a las enseñanzas generales (From the stage to the classrooms: artists and the incorporation of Spanish and flamenco dance into the general education)

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 393-403
Author(s):  
Patricia Bonnin-Arias ◽  
Estela Alarcón Rodríguez ◽  
Ana Colomer Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
21St Century ◽  
School System ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Dance Teachers ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Social ◽  
General School ◽  
Person Experience

  La problemática social del siglo XXI, caracterizado por la incertidumbre y el cambio acelerado, obligan a la escuela a reconfigurarse. Las artes se presentan como una oportunidad para formar ciudadanos capaces de afrontar estos retos, ofreciendo competencias en materia de creatividad, identidad y sentido de comunidad, muy ligadas a las artes autóctonas. Sin embargo, las ventajas derivadas del aprendizaje de la danza española y el baile flamenco, parecen estar siendo desaprovechadas por las enseñanzas generales en España. Este trabajo pretende indagar en el papel que juegan los profesionales del mundo de la danza autóctona en la educación obligatoria en España, explorando en las configuraciones perceptivas y autoperceptivas de los artistas ante la incorporación de la misma a la escuela. Se ha efectuado un estudio descriptivo no probabilístico, mediante cuestionarios semiestructuradas que recogen la experiencia en primera persona y la visión de artistas reputados en el ámbito del objeto. Los resultados inciden en la orientación general del diseño e implementación de los estudios de danza en la escuela, sus beneficios para afrontar los retos sociales actuales, las etapas educativas oportunas para el calado, la afinidad con otros docentes y asignaturas, infraestructuras y la valoración de la cualificación de los profesores que imparten danza en la educación general, brindando una aproximación al rol presente y futuro de estos artistas en la escuela. Abstract. The demand for finding solutions to the social challenges of the 21st century, characterized by uncertainty and rapid change, requires a reconfiguration of the school system. In this context, the arts can offer an opportunity to prepare citizens in a better way to face new challenges. Arts provide valuable competencies like creativity, identity and the creation of a sense of community, which can be especially beneficial when they derive from the autochthonous culture. However, the advantages related to learning Spanish and flamenco dance seem to be neglected by the general school system in Spain. The present study explores the perceptive and self-perceptive configurations of artists about the incorporation of autochthonous dance in school. A descriptive and non-probabilistic analysis has been performed by means of a semi-structured survey. The survey focused on first-person experience and the vision of reputed artists in the fields of study. The results shed light upon the general orientation for the design and implementation of autochthonous dance classes in school, the benefit of their inclusion in the curriculum for the community and for facing the challenges of the 21st century. Moreover, they indicate which are the most convenient stages of education for the introduction of the subject in order to ensure affinity with other teachers and their disciplines, as well as with the available infrastructure. Lastly, the results highlight the importance of the qualifications of the current dance teachers in the education system and suggest the present and future roles of dance artists in schools.

scholarly journals Socializēšanās prakses viduslaiku pilsētā: amatu korporāciju piemērs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rūta Bruževica ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

One of the most important aspects of medieval human life was being in a community. On the one hand, medieval city itself was such a community, whereas on the other hand, there still remained social, economic and occupational differences between its inhabitants, which in daily life dissociated people. In addition to the community in the city, the church and the family, another type of community developed in medieval cities – professional or artisan associations, fraternities or guilds. For a very long time, the studies dedicated to these organizations focused mainly on their economic, legal and organizational aspects, and hence guilds are mainly associated with their economic activities. However, the religious and social life they yielded was no less important and provided people’s daily lives with activities that complemented their spiritual and social life. The aim of the study is to review and analyse the social practices found in the source material, whereby such aspects of socialization as the formation of beneficial social contacts, maintenance of relationships, as well as mutual assistance were practiced in medieval artisan associations. Examples and their similarities in various artisan associations in Europe, including Riga, which are reported in medieval written sources, especially the statutes of these associations, will be discussed. The obtained information collected in the study confirms that associations extended beyond economic goals, as their practices promoted social contacts between members, strengthened friendships, fostered respect and responsibility for each other.

scholarly journals Behaviour of Children and Adolescents and the Use of Mobile Phones in Primary Schools in the Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8352
Author(s):  
Kamil Kopecký ◽  
Francisco-Domingo Fernández-Martín ◽  
René Szotkowski ◽  
Gerardo Gómez-García ◽  
Klára Mikulcová
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mobile Phone Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Perspective ◽  
Device Use ◽  
The One

Today’s young people spend most of their time in contact with mobile devices. Their excessive use carries many risks, such as addiction, cyberbullying and social disruption. Based on this, this study analysed the mobile phone use of young Czechs between 7 and 17 years old (n = 27.177) and assessed the differences in their behaviour according to the mobile device use policies of their schools. The results show that the use of mobile phones was linked to the one of the social networks, YouTube and videogames for the most part. Similarly, those young people who had them at school preferred to use them, instead of practicing sports or social activities. On the other hand, in the centres in which the use of mobile phones was prohibited, they felt bored and without activities to do. Therefore, it will be necessary for schools to implement educational policies that encourage activities and areas of social interaction in the school, especially during recess. However, at the same time, it is recommended not to prohibit the use of technological devices in the educational centre, since this fact encourages students to use them secretly and increases their desire to use them. To this end, its use in the classroom is advocated from an educational perspective, thus promoting collaborative learning and increasing student motivation.

Murder with Impunity: The Construction of Arab Masculinities and Honor Crimes

1970 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
May Abu Jaber
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One ◽  
Male Authority ◽  
Cultural Networks ◽  
Gender Specific

Violence against women (VAW) continues to exist as a pervasive, structural,systematic, and institutionalized violation of women’s basic human rights (UNDivision of Advancement for Women, 2006). It cuts across the boundaries of age, race, class, education, and religion which affect women of all ages and all backgrounds in every corner of the world. Such violence is used to control and subjugate women by instilling a sense of insecurity that keeps them “bound to the home, economically exploited and socially suppressed” (Mathu, 2008, p. 65). It is estimated that one out of every five women worldwide will be abused during her lifetime with rates reaching up to 70 percent in some countries (WHO, 2005). Whether this abuse is perpetrated by the state and its agents, by family members, or even by strangers, VAW is closely related to the regulation of sexuality in a gender specific (patriarchal) manner. This regulation is, on the one hand, maintained through the implementation of strict cultural, communal, and religious norms, and on the other hand, through particular legal measures that sustain these norms. Therefore, religious institutions, the media, the family/tribe, cultural networks, and the legal system continually disciplinewomen’s sexuality and punish those women (and in some instances men) who have transgressed or allegedly contravened the social boundaries of ‘appropriateness’ as delineated by each society. Such women/men may include lesbians/gays, women who appear ‘too masculine’ or men who appear ‘too feminine,’ women who try to exercise their rights freely or men who do not assert their rights as ‘real men’ should, women/men who have been sexually assaulted or raped, and women/men who challenge male/older male authority.

Alkohol im Tank – Bio-Kraftstoffe und die Grenzen moderner Mobilität

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (136) ◽  
pp. 455-468
Author(s):  
Hartwig Berger
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Food Market ◽  
The One ◽  
The Third World

The article discusses the future of mobility in the light of energy resources. Fossil fuel will not be available for a long time - not to mention its growing environmental and political conflicts. In analysing the potential of biofuel it is argued that the high demands of modern mobility can hardly be fulfilled in the future. Furthermore, the change into using biofuel will probably lead to increasing conflicts between the fuel market and the food market, as well as to conflicts with regional agricultural networks in the third world. Petrol imperialism might be replaced by bio imperialism. Therefore, mobility on a solar base pursues a double strategy of raising efficiency on the one hand and strongly reducing mobility itself on the other.

ISLAM PADA MASA KESULTANAN BANTEN

ALQALAM ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Maftuh Maftuh
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Islamic Militancy ◽  
Religious Understanding

For many observers, Banten is well known as an area where the population has a strict religious understanding onislamic law. Colonial officials and experts in Islamic studies such as Snouck Hurgronje and GF Pijper, testified that compared to other Muslims across Java , Muslim in Banten and Cirebon were stricter in practicing Islam . The phenomenon of the social life of the religious community in Banten is necessarily formed within a very long time span. This paper traces the root of the formation of public religious understanding ojMuslim in Banten. Using a socio-historical approach, this paper then leads to the conclusion that the sultan of Banten issued policies that had a greater emphasis to the adherence to the Shari'a rather than Sufism. Religious orientation on the fiqh-oriented can explain the Islamic militancy Banten community, as witnessed by the colonial officials, and even still can be seen up to this present moment.Key words: Jslamization, Sultanate, Banten

Social innovation for modified consumption by means of the school subject Art and craft

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita NEUBERG
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
School Subject ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
The Core ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
The Subject

In this paper I will take a look at how one can facilitate the change in consumption through social innovation, based on the subject of art and design in Norwegian general education. This paper will give a presentation of books, featured relevant articles and formal documents put into context to identify different causal mechanisms around our consumption. The discussion will be anchored around the resources and condition that must be provided to achieve and identify opportunities for action under the subject of Art and craft, a subject in Norwegian general education with designing at the core of the subject, ages 6–16. The question that this paper points toward is: "How can we, based on the subject of Art and craft in primary schools, facilitate the change in consumption through social innovation?”

A estranha objetividade do valor: trabalho, ideologia e capital no pensamento de Marx

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-175
Author(s):  
Wécio Pinheiro Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Labor Process ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Concrete Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Logic ◽  
The One

Resumo: Em O Capital, Marx nos alertou que a mercadoria tem um caráter misterioso que carrega “sutilezas metafísicas e argúcias teológicas”. Este artigo tenta decifrar um pouco desse mistério buscando decodifica-lo naquilo que denominamos como a estranha objetividade do valor. Para isso, analisamos a relação entre a ideologia e o valor a partir da crítica marxiana à mercadoria, consignada à lógica de Hegel. Vemos que o valor se constitui como razão ontológica da mercadoria enquanto produto do processo de trabalho que carrega uma racionalidade imanente, isto é, um espírito socialmente produzido que se objetiva à medida que é vivenciado pelos indivíduos como uma lógica social que rege as relações nesta sociedade. Isso se dá por meio de “sutilezas metafísicas” na formação da realidade social marcada por contradições estabelecidas entre, de um lado, o conteúdo objetivo das relações sociais, e de outro, a forma como essas relações são vivenciadas pela consciência na sociedade capitalista. Nesta relação entre conteúdo e forma, encontramos determinações de profundidade ontológica entre o valor e a ideologia, enquanto forma social que opera harmonizando as contradições constituintes da realidade social, a exemplo do que acontece no trabalho assalariado. A mediação ideológica se põe como uma progressão imanente à materialização da vivência concreta da relação entre capital e trabalho no salário, de maneira a naturalizar a exploração que se esconde na estranha objetividade do valor que se realiza na troca de mercadorias. Concluímos que a conexão ontológica entre o ser social e a mercadoria é socialmente ubíqua, precisamente por conta do seu caráter ideológico na formação da sociabilidade a partir do processo de trabalho subjugado ao capital.  Palavras-chave: Valor. Ideologia. Trabalho, Capital. Salário.  Abstract: In Capital, Marx warned us that the commodity has a mysterious character bearing "metaphysical subtleties and theological insights." This article attempts to decipher a little of this mystery by decoding it into what we call the strange objectivity of value. For this, we analyze the relation between ideology and value from the Marxian critique of the commodity, consigned to the Hegelian logic. We see that value is constituted as the ontological reason of the commodity as the product of the labor process that carries an immanent rationality, that is, a socially produced spirit that is objectified as it is experienced by the individuals as a social logic that governs the relations in this society. This is done through "metaphysical subtleties" in the formation of social reality marked by contradictions established between, on the one hand, the objective content of social relations, and on the other, the way in which these relations are experienced by consciousness in capitalist society. In this relationship between content and form, we find determinations of ontological depth between value and ideology, as a social form that operates by harmonizing the constituent contradictions of social reality, as in wage labor. Ideological mediation is seen as an immanent progression to the materialization of the concrete experience of the relation between capital and labor in wage, in order to naturalize the exploitation that is hidden in the strange objectivity of the value that is realized in the exchange of commodities. We conclude that the ontological connection between the social being and the commodity is socially ubiquitous precisely because of its ideological character in the formation of sociability from the labor process subjugated to capital.  Keywords: Value. Labor. Ideology. Capital. Wage.  REFERÊNCIAS  ADORNO, Theodor W. Teoria Estética. [Asthetische Theorie]. Tradução de Artur Morão. – São Paulo : Livraria Martins Fontes, 1988.  ADORNO, Theodor W. Três estudos sobre Hegel. [Drei Studien zu Hegel]. Tradução: Ulisses Razzante Vaccari. – 1. Ed. – São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2013.  ARAÚJO, Wécio Pinheiro. Ideologia e capital: crítica da razão imanente à sociedade moderna. Tese de doutorado. João Pessoa, PB; Leipzig, Saxônia, UFPB/UFPE/UFRN-HGB, 2018.  ARTHUR, Christopher J. A nova dialética e “O Capital” de Marx. Tradução de Pedro C. Chadarevian. – São Paulo : Edipro, 2016.   DUSSEL, Enrique. A Produção Teórica de Marx: um comentário sobre os Grundrisse. Tradução de José Paulo Netto. – 1 ed. – São Paulo : Expressão Popular, 2012. GERAS, Norman. Marx and the Critique of Political Economy. In: Ideology and Social Science: politics, sociology, anthropology, economics, history. – Ed. by Robin Blackburn, Fontana/Collins, 1977, p. 284-305.  JAEGGI, Rahel. Alienation: News directions in Critical Theory. Columbia Uni. Press, 2014.  HERÁCLITO, de Éfeso. Heráclito : fragmentos contextualizados. Tradução, apresentação e comentários Alexandre Costa. – São Paulo : Odysseus Editora, 2012.  HEGEL, G. W. F. Fenomenologia do Espírito [Phänomenologie des Geistes]. Tradução de Paulo Meneses; com a colaboração de Karl-Heinz Efken, e José Nogueira Machado. – 5. ed. – Petrópolis, RJ : Vozes : Bragança Paulista, Editora Universitária São Francisco, 2008.  MARX, Karl. Das Kapital: Der Produktionprozess des Kapitals. Erster Band, Erstes Buch (Kapitel XVI-LII). Hamburg, Nikol Verlag., 2016.  MARX, Karl. Grundrisse: manuscritos econômicos de 1857-1858 : esboços da crítica da economia política. – supervisão editorial Mario Duayer; tradução Mario Duayer, Nélio Schneider (colaboração de Alice Helga Werner e Rudiger Hoffman). – São Paulo : Boitempo; Rio de Janeiro: Ed. UFRJ, 2011.  MARX, Karl. Manuscritos econômico-filosóficos. [Ökonomie-philosophische Manuskripte] Tradução, apresentação e notas de Jesus Ranieri. - 2. reimp. - São Paulo : Boitempo Editorial, 2008.  MARX, Karl. O Capital – Crítica da Economia Política. Livro 1 – O Processo de Produção do Capital. Vol. I – 10 ª. Edição, Tradução de Reginaldo Sant’ Anna. Do original em alemão: DAS KAPITAL – Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Buch I: Der Produktionsprozes des Kapitals, Quarta edição, 1890). São Paulo : DIFEL, 1985.  MARX, Karl. O Capital – Crítica da Economia Política. Livro 1 – O processo de produção do capital. Do original em alemão: DAS KAPITAL – Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Buch 1: Der Produktionsprozess des Kapitals.  – São Paulo: Boitempo, 2013.   NICHOLS, Bill. Ideology and the Image: Social Representation in the Cinema and Other Media. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document