scholarly journals Educational Attainment and Exercise Frequency in American Women; Blacks’ Diminished Returns

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Exercise Frequency ◽  
American Women

scholarly journals Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking among American Women during Pregnancy

Women ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
American Women ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minority

Educational attainment is among the most substantial protective factors against cigarette smoking, including during pregnancy. Although Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) of educational attainment, defined as weaker protective effect of education for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, has been demonstrated in previous studies; such MDRs are not tested for cigarette smoking during pregnancy. To better understand the relevance of MDRs to tobacco use during pregnancy, this study had three aims: firstly, to investigate the association between educational attainment and cigarette smoking in pregnant women; secondly, to compare racial and ethnic groups for the association between educational attainment and cigarette smoking; and thirdly, to explore the mediating effect of poverty status on such MDRs, among American adults during pregnancy. This cross-sectional study explored a nationally representative sample of pregnant American women (n = 338), which was taken from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013). Current smoking was the outcome. Educational attainment was the independent variable. Region and age were the covariates. Poverty status was the mediator. Race and ethnicity were the effect modifiers. Overall, a higher level of educational attainment (OR = 0.54, p < 0.05) was associated with lower odds of current smoking among pregnant women. Race (OR = 2.04, p < 0.05) and ethnicity (OR = 2.12, p < 0.05) both showed significant interactions with educational attainment on smoking, suggesting that the protective effect of educational attainment against smoking during pregnancy is smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than Non-Hispanic Whites. Poverty status fully mediated the above interactions. In the United States, highly educated pregnant Black and Hispanic women remain at higher risk of smoking cigarettes, possibly because they are more likely to live in poverty, compared to their White counterparts. The results suggest the role that labor market discrimination has in explaining lower returns of educational attainment in terms of less cigarette smoking by racial and ethnic minority pregnant women.

The socioeconomic attainments of second-generation Nigerian and other African Americans: Evidence from the Current Population Survey, 2009-2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Sakamoto ◽  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Sharron Xuanren Wang ◽  
Courtney Nelson
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Current Population Survey ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
African American Men ◽  
White Men ◽  
American Women ◽  
Current Population

Using recent data from the Current Population Survey, we investigate education and wages among second-generation African Americans with a focus on Nigerian Americans. The results indicate that the educational attainment of second-generation Nigerian Americans exceeds other second-generation African Americans, third-and-higher generation African Americans, third-and-higher generation whites, and second-generation whites. The educational attainment of second-generation Nigerian American women furthermore exceeds second-generation Asian American women. After controlling for age, education and disability, the wages of second-generation Nigerian American women have reached parity with third-and-higher generation white women whereas third-and-higher generation African American women have about 11 percent lower wages. After controlling for age, education and disability in the case of men, the wages of second-generation Nigerian American men have reached parity with third-and-higher generation white men whereas third-and-higher generation African American men have about 21 percent lower wages while other second-generation African American men have about 12 percent lower wages than third-and-higher generation white men. Contrary to the usual pattern of socioeconomic disadvantage for African Americans, these results indicate that second-generation Nigerian Americans have exceeded whites in educational attainment and have reached parity with equally-educated whites in terms of wage determination among employed workers. Nonetheless, we view our results as being only suggestive and call for more research on the socioeconomic outcomes of second-generation African Americans who have been relatively neglected in immigration studies.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Tax Foreclosures, Educational Attainment, and Preterm Birth among Urban African American Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson ◽  
Dawn Misra
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Adverse Birth Outcomes ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
American Women

Ecological evidence suggests that neighborhoods with more tax foreclosures also have more adverse birth outcomes. However, whether neighborhood-level tax foreclosures impact individual-level risk for adverse birth outcomes is unknown. We assessed whether living in a neighborhood with high tax foreclosures is associated with a woman’s preterm birth (PTB) risk and tested for effect modification by educational attainment, among urban African American women from the Life Influence on Fetal Environments Study (2009–2011; n = 686). We linked survey and medical record data to archival, block-group level tax foreclosure data from the county treasurer. We used Modified Poisson regression with robust error variance and included a foreclosure X education interaction in adjusted models. In the overall sample, neighborhood tax foreclosures did not predict PTB (adjusted relative risk: 0.93, CI: 0.74, 1.16), but the association was modified by educational attainment (interaction p = 0.01). Among women with lower education (n = 227), neighborhood tax foreclosures did not predict PTB risk. The association for women with higher education (n = 401) was statistically significant for a reduction in risk for PTB (adjusted relative risk: 0.74, CI: 0.55, 0.98) among those who lived in neighborhoods with high versus low tax foreclosures. Future studies should seek to identify the mechanisms of this association.

scholarly journals Racial discrimination, educational attainment, and biological dysregulation among midlife African American women

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amani M. Allen ◽  
Marilyn D. Thomas ◽  
Eli K. Michaels ◽  
Alexis N. Reeves ◽  
Uche Okoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
American Women
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