scholarly journals Bacteriological Spectrum and Antimicrobial Sensitivity of Pathogens In Children with Hematologic Malignancies and Febrile Neutropenia Research

2020 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahita Sanaei Dashti ◽  
Jabarali Safaei ◽  
Fariba Shirvani ◽  
Mohammad Rahim Kadivar ◽  
Erfan Taherifard
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Neutropenia ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Demographic Questionnaire ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the spectrum of bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial sensitivity in pediatric patients admitted with febrile neutropenia (FN) and hematologic malignancies. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out on 65 children (60% boys, mean age 7.3 5.3 years) with hematologic malignancies and FN hospitalized at the Amir Hematology and Oncology Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, between December 2018 and May 2019. Samples were taken from blood, nose, axilla, and inguinal area (NAI). NAI cultures were repeated after 72 hours of admission, and blood culture was repeated if needed. A demographic questionnaire on age, sex, and admission time was filled out for each patient. Results: The most common grown bacteria in the NAI samples were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Second cultures from these sites revealed nosocomial contamination. Eighteen patients (27.7%) had positive blood cultures, with 61.1 % of the isolated pathogens being Gram-negative (mostly Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) and 38.9% Gram-positive. The blood cultures results did not match those of the NAI cultures in 61.1% of the patients. About one-fourth of the Gram-negative pathogens isolated from blood were resistant to cefepime, the main empirical antibiotic for FN management at our center. Conclusions: Gram-negative bacteria are predominant organisms in pediatric FN patients at our center, most resistant to cefepime. If a similar antimicrobial sensitivity pattern is observed in future studies, a change in local guidelines might be considered for FN management.

scholarly journals Bacterial Isolates from Blind Tracheal Aspirates and Their Anti-Microbial Sensitivity: An Observational Study in ICU of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Uzzwal Kumar Mallick ◽  
Md Sirajul Islam ◽  
Mohammad Asaduzzaman ◽  
Mohammad Abdullah Yusuf ◽  
Mohammad Omar Faruq
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Background: The number of organisms developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics is increasing day by day. The exact national scenario of antimicrobial sensitivity pattern is not well known in Bangladesh owing to the absence of proper guideline for prescribing antibiotics. Aims: The aim of this study is to identify the group of organisms developing resistanceso that antibiotic policy can be formulated for the proper and effective use of antibiotics. Settings and Design: This observational study was conducted for a period of 1 year from January 2018 to December 2018 in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2018 to December 2018, using the convenient sampling technique. Tracheal secretions from patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), tested in Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, were included in the study. The culture was done on blood and MacConkey agar and the sensitivity pattern was performed on Muller Hinton agar. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: Out of the microorganisms isolated from positive growth cultures, Acinetobacter (57.8%) was the most common isolate followed by Klebsiella (22.9%). Acinetobacter, pseudomonas and klebsiella had good sensitivity to colistin(87.80%, 82.40% and 77.80% respectively), where as they showed less sensitivity to higher generationcephalosporin, penicillin and aminoglycosides. Conclusion: The commonest organism which was isolated from the endotracheal aspirate cultures were Acinetobacter, followed by Pseudomonas and Klebsiella and antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed sensitivity to Colistin, Tazobactam/piperacillin, Meropenem and aztreonam. Whereas coagulase negative staphylococci was isolated only in minority cases with highest sensitivity to vancomycin and linezolid. Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2020; 8(2): 81-85

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Helicobacter pylori Isolates among Subgroup of Bangladeshi Patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
MMSU Islam ◽  
Shamsun Nahar ◽  
Mst Naznin Sarker ◽  
ASM Salimullah ◽  
Mohammad Asadur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Medical University

This cross sectional study was carried out at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) from July 2008 to September 2009. Aim of the study was to find out the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Helicobacter pylori isolates from dyspeptic patients. Total 224 dyspeptic patients from Out Patient Department (OPD) of BSMMU were initially enrolled after informed written consent. After upper GI endoscopy 157 patients were finally included who had erosions, ulcers or atrophic changes in the stomach or duodenum. Two biopsy samples were taken from each of them. Samples were incubated at 37°C in a double gas incubator with 5%O2, 10%CO2 and 85%N2. Total 82 (52.23%) samples were found positive for H. pylori. Isolated organisms were then tested for sensitivity to Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Tetracycline, Levofloxacin and Metronidazole by Agar dilution method. Among 82 patients 51(62.2%) were male and 31(37.8) were female with a male:female ratio 1.6:1. Patients were categorized into two groups one having gastric or duodenal ulcer (30.5%) and other having no ulcer (69.5%). Among these isolates 92.7% were sensitive to Amoxicillin, 89% to Clarithromycin, 81.7% to Tetracycline, 80.5% to Levofloxacin and only 26.8% to Metronidazole. Beside these, 81.7% isolates were sensitive to both Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin, 74.4% to Amoxicillin and Tetracycline, 73.2% to Amoxicillin and Levofloxacin, 72% to Clarithromycin and Tetracycline, 59% to Clarithromycin and Levofloxacin and 51% to Tetracycline and Levofloxacin DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v8i2.20280 Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2013;8(2): 49-52

scholarly journals BAKTERI AEROB DAN UJI KEPEKAAN ANTIMIKROBA

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Erviani Zuhriah ◽  
Nurhayana Sennang ◽  
Darmawaty ER
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Nosocomial infection is an infection acquired in hospitals, which occur more frequently in poor and developing countries such as Indonesia, one percent of the related cases leads to death. The occurrence of nosocomial infection causes the lengthening of hospitalization and increased risk of disease transmission. According to Permenkes No. 1204/Menkes/SK/X/2004, the Emergency Room is one of the high-risk areas. The objectives of this research were to quantify the number of aerobic bacteria, to know the identification method of the pathogenic bacteria and to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in the emergency installation. A cross sectional study was performed by collecting air samples at eleven treatment rooms of the Emergency installation in dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar by using Microbiology Air Sampler 100 (MAS 100). The bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) were conducted at the Balai Besar Laboratorium Kesehatan Makassar (July to September 2009). The number of bacterial colonies were 288–6570 CFU/m3. Pathogenic bacteria identified in the study were Stomatococcus mucilaginous, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, which were still sensitive to tetracycline and resistant to ceftazidim and kanamycin.The number of bacterial colonies exceeded the standard number established by the Decree of Indonesian Health Minister

Study of bacterial infection and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in diabetic foot lesion

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
Shameem Akhter ◽  
Shah Md Zahurul Haque Asna ◽  
M Mushfequr Rahman ◽  
MA Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Foot Lesions ◽  
Diabetic Foot Lesions

A cross sectional study was carried out on patients with diabetic foot lesions to determine the spectrum of aerobic microbial flora and to determine the microbial pathogens of the diabetic foot lesions and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. A total of 226 organisms were isolated from 218 patients and polymicrobial infection was found in 3.7 % cases. Age of the study population ranged from 20 - >80 yrs of which most of the patients were from 40 to 70 yrs (81 %). Male female ratio was= 3:1. In this study, Pseudomonas sp. (22.1 %), Proteus mirabilis (16.4 %) and S. aureus (14.6 %) were the predominant organisms isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates were done in which imipenem and ciprofloxacin were found to be the most effective against all organisms.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v6i2.19372 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2012; 06(02): 20-23

scholarly journals PATHOGENS CAUSING BLOOD STREAM INFECTIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1617-1623
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saeed ◽  
Farhan Rasheed ◽  
Fouzia Ashraf ◽  
Shagufta Iram ◽  
Shahida Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Blood Stream Infections ◽  
Gram Negative

Blood stream infections (BSI) remain a major cause of debility and death aroundthe world. BSI accounts for 10-20% of all Nosocomial infections. Empirical antimicrobials arebased on the susceptibility pattern of the pathogens isolated in a specific institute from timeto time. We have conducted this study only on cardiac Patients over two & half years of studyduration. Study design: Cross sectional study. Settings: Microbiology Department, Allama IqbalMedical College/Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Study Period: January 2013 to July 2015. Materials& Methods: A total of 5411 blood culture specimens were collected from cardiac patientsincluding patients admitted to cardiology ward, coronary care unit (CCU), pre-operative andpost-operative cardiac surgery patients. The bottles containing BHI broth were incubated andwere subcultured after 24 hours, 72 hours, 120 hours, and 168 hours on blood and MacConkeyagars. Isolates were further identified with the help of Gram staining, biochemical reactionsand rapid tests like catalase, oxidase, coagulase, Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E and API20NE. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolate was carried out on Mueller-Hinton agar byModified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique according to the isolate as per recommendationsof Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 2013. Results: Out of total 5411patients, 3958(73.14%) were male, 1453(26.85%) were females. Out of total 5411 Specimens,only 486 (8.98%) were positive for bacterial growth. Out of total 486 positive blood cultures,261 (53.71%) were Gram positive isolates and 225 (46.29%) were Gram negative isolates.Out 486 positive blood cultures, 96 (19.75%) were from cardiology ward, 67 (13.78%) werefrom CCU, 113 (23.25%) were from pre operative cardiac surgery ward, 210 (43.20%) werefrom post operative cardiac surgery ward. Among Gram positives, Staphylococcus Specieswere most common organism isolated from 246 (50.61%) blood culture specimens. AmongGram negatives, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E.coli were predominant organisms, isolatedfrom 81(16.66%) and 72(14.81%) blood culture specimens respectively. Conclusion: GramPositive isolates were more common as compared to Gram negative isolates. Vancomycin andLinezolid were the most effective drugs among Gram positive isolates. Piperacillin-Tazobactamwas most potent antimicrobial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For coli forms Tigecyclinewas most effective drug.

scholarly journals Febrile Neutropenia in Hematological Malignancies: Clinical and Microbiological Profile and Outcome in High Risk Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuntegowdanahalli C Lakshmaiah ◽  
Abhayakumar S Malabagi ◽  
Rachan Shetty ◽  
Mahua Sinha ◽  
Rudrapatna S Jayashree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Febrile Neutropenia ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
First Line ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbiological Profile ◽  
Satisfactory Outcome ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is considered a medical emergency. Patients with hematological malignancies (HM) commonly experience FN. Broad spectrum antibiotics have to be started empirically to prevent complications. This study depicts the clinical profile, microbiological profile, antibiotic sensitivity pattern, and outcome in high risk HM. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 72 patients with hematologic malignancies, diagnosed and treated for 108 high risk febrile neutropenic episodes from August 2011 to January 2013 at a Regional Cancer Center, in South India were analyzed. Cefoperazone-sulbactum was used as a first-line empiric antibiotic. Results: Majority of the patients with FN episodes had acute myeloid leukemia. Overall culture positivity was 29.62%. The most common organisms isolated were Gram-negative bacilli (63.64%), with Escherichia coli being the most frequent pathogen. All Gram-negative organisms were sensitive to imipenem, whereas sensitivity pattern to other antibiotics were as follows: 85.71%, 78.26%, 69.52%, 63.64%, 41.66% and 47.05% for pipercillin-tazoactum, meropenem, cefoperazone-sulbactum, amikacin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin respectively. Overall mortality was 13.5%. Most of the patients responded to empiric antibiotic cefoperazone-sulbactum. Conclusions: In the hematologic malignancies particularly in acute leukemia, there is high risk of developing FN. Empiric therapy with cefoperazone-sulbactum as a first line leads to satisfactory outcome in high risk FN and therapy should be tailored to the most appropriate antibiotics according to the bacterial culture results.

scholarly journals BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF HOSPITALACQUIRED SEPTICEMIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN NORTH EAST INDIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Aroop Mohanty ◽  
Shantikumar Singh T ◽  
Ankita Kabi ◽  
Pratima Gupta ◽  
Priyanka Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
North East ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the bacterial agents responsible for hospital acquired septicaemia and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of the bacterial isolates.Methods:  Three hundred fifty hospitalized clinically suspect septicaemia cases were included in this cross sectional observational study during a period of one year. Blood samples were collected with aseptic precautions for culture following universal precautions. Anti-microbial susceptibility test of the bacterial isolates was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, USA) guidelines.    Results: Over two-thirds of cultures showed gram positive organism. The most frequently identified Gram positive bacteria were coagulase negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Among gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Salmonella typhi were isolated. In our study, coagulase negative staphylococci showed maximum resistance to penicillin and erythromycin. Enterobactereciae had maximum sensitivity to carbapenems, tigecycline and aminoglycosides.Conclusion: Gram positive pathogens predominated in the blood stream infections. Résistance to fluoroquinolones, especially in Gram negative bacteria was significantly high. Therefore, rapid microbiological diagnosis and the determinants of antimicrobial susceptibility become relevant for early initiation of antimicrobial therapy.     

scholarly journals Frequency of gram negative bacterial isolates in chronic suppurative otitis media and their sensitivity pattern.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (08) ◽  
pp. 1196-1199
Author(s):  
Saeeda Nabat ul Hassan ◽  
◽  
Khushbu Farva ◽  
Ghulam Asghar Bhutta ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Objective: To determine frequency of gram negative bacterial isolates and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern among patients with chronic suppurative otitis media. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology Sahara Medical College Narowal. Period: January 2020 to June 2020. Material & Methods: Total 126 bacterial isolates were taken from the patients having unilateral or bilateral ear discharge reporting to OPD or emergency department during study period. After taking detailed history, examination and baseline investigations diagnosis was confirmed. Specimens of ear discharge were taken from all patients and sent to the pathology department of study institution to determine culture and sensitivity pattern of Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Consent was taken from ethical review committee. Data was analyzed on SPSS-24. Chi square test was applied on collected data. Results: Bacterial isolates were taken from 126 cases having age 2-54 years with mean age of 11.45±5.73 years of either gender. Mostly children less than 8 years of age were found with otitis media. Gram positive bacteria were detected in 41.3% and gram negative in 55.6% and candida albicans in 3.2% out of total 126 bacterial cultures. Out of gram negative cultures, pseudomonas aeruginosa was found in 41.4%, proteus mirabilus in 44.3% and E.coli in 14.3% specimens. Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria are common cause of chronic suppurative otitis media in our region, mostly affecting young children. There is variable antibiotic sensitivity pattern depending on cultural, climate changes and previously taken antibiotics.

scholarly journals Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern among Patients—A Multicenter Study in Asmara, Eritrea

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyob Yohaness Garoy ◽  
Yacob Berhane Gebreab ◽  
Oliver Okoth Achila ◽  
Daniel Goitom Tekeste ◽  
Robel Kesete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Referral Hospitals

Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a well-recognized public health problem throughout the world. The evolution of new genetically distinct community-acquired and livestock-acquired MRSA and extended resistance to other non-β-lactams including vancomycin has only amplified the crisis. This paper presents data on the prevalence of MRSA and resistance pattern to other antibiotics on the selected specimen from two referral hospitals in Asmara, Eritrea. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 participants recruited from two referral hospitals in Asmara, Eritrea. Isolation of S. aureus was based on culture and biochemical profiles. Standard antimicrobial disks representing multiple drug classes were subsequently set for oxacillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and vancomycin. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results. S. aureus isolation rate from the 130 samples was 82 (63.1%). Patients <18 years of age were more likely to be colonized by S. aureus compared to patients above 61 years. The proportion of MRSA among the isolates was 59 (72%), methicillin-intermediate S. aureus (MISA) was 7 (8.5%), and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) was 15 (19.5%). The isolates were mostly from the pus specimen in burn, diabetic, and surgical wound patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 13 (15.9%) of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin, 9 (11.0%) to erythromycin, and 1 (1.2%) to gentamicin. Coresistance of MRSA isolates to some commonly used antibiotics was also noted: oxacillin/erythromycin 5 (6.1%) and oxacillin/vancomycin 9 (11%). A few isolates were resistant to oxacillin/vancomycin/erythromycin 2 (2.4%) and oxacillin/gentamicin and erythromycin 1 (1.2%). Conclusion. This study reports a relatively high prevalence of MRSA. Isolates that are resistant to other tested antibiotics including vancomycin are also reported. The data have important implication for quality of patients care in the two settings: antibiotic selection and infection control practices, and the need for additional studies.

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Isolates from Neonatal Sepsis in Yekatit 12 Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Oumer Sada Muhammed ◽  
Getachew Alemkere ◽  
Beshir Bedru Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Sepsis is one of the commonest reasons of neonatal deaths. It is accountable for about 30 - 50% of the whole baby deaths in the developing  ountries. The current study aimed to assess drug susceptibility patterns of isolates from cases of neonatal sepsis. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 132 neonates admitted to Yekatit 12 teaching hospital with the diagnosis of sepsis and who had a positive result for culture and sensitivity test. Data was collected through medical chart review using data abstraction tool. The data was analyzed using excel and reported using descriptive tables. Gram-negative bacteria were the commonest organisms identified 124 (93.9%), followed by gram-positive isolates (6.1%). Klebsiella (87.9%) was the predominant gram-negative bacteria. Of the gram-positive organisms, coagulase negative staphylococci (3.03%) were the commonest pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (2.27%). Among the gram-negative isolates, overall sensitivity was high to meropenem (96.0%), amikacin (94.3%) and amoxicillin + clavulanate (74.2%) but sensitivity was very low to ampicillin (2.7%), and amoxicillin (7.3%).Generally, the isolated pathogens were resistant to commonly used antibiotics in the study setting and resistance of gram-positive pathogens  Against penicillins and cephalosporins was also high. Hence, rational and tailored antibiotic use based on the susceptibility data is recommended and regular antibiotic susceptibility surveillance should be conducted. Keywords: neonatal sepsis, cross-sectional study, antibiotics, culture, sensitivity, resistance

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