Spatial behavior for NLS and applications to scattering

Resumo: O presente texto pretende analisar o papel das ações coletivas (associações, cooperativas e sindicatos de agricultores) no acionamento e na ativação das escalas geográficas para o desenvolvimento de suas atividades. O estudo foi realizado no Espaço Sisaleiro da Bahia (Brasil), onde um conjunto significativo de associações e cooperativas de agricultores e sindicatos de trabalhadores rurais tem se organizado em torno das escalas espaciais para viabilizar sua ação político-institucional e econômico-produtiva. A ação desses coletivos organizados em rede tem permitido a conformação e o fortalecimento de novas escalas de ação política, como no caso da criação do conselho territorial para viabilização da implantação de políticas de governo. Cooperativas, associações e sindicatos se apoiam nas escalas para compor organizações em diferentes níveis escalares (escala local, escala regional, escala do estado federado e escala nacional), buscando fortalecer seus propósitos e ampliar seu poder de barganha e influência. Analisando o comportamento espacial dessas variadas modalidades de ações coletivas, é possível considerar que elas desenvolvem políticas de escala, ou seja, a escala passa a significar muito mais que uma categoria de análise, mas se torna uma categoria da prática social e política. Nesse sentido, parte-se do pressuposto de que os grupos humanos produzem e tornam efetivas suas próprias escalas visando a alcançar suas metas e organizar seus comportamentos coletivos. Palavras-chave: Escala. Rede. Cooperativismo. Associativismo. Sindicalismo. Espaço Sisaleiro da Bahia. SCALE POLICIES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NETWORK STRATEGIES OF COLLECTIVE ACTIONS IN THE SISAL REGION OF BAHIA (BRAZIL)Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the role of collective initiatives of associations, cooperatives and farmers’ unions in the mobilization and activation of geographical scales for the development of their activities. The study was conducted in the Sisal Region of Bahia (Brazil), where a significant number of farmers associations and cooperatives and rural workers’ unions have been organizing their actions around spatial scales to enable their political-institutional and economic-productive influence. The gathering and action of these organized groups in a network have allowed the establishment and strengthening of new scales of political action, as seem in the case of the creation of a territorial council to facilitate the implementation of government policies. Cooperatives, associations, and unions rely on scales to form organizations at different scale levels (local, regional, federal and national scales), seeking to strengthen their performance and increase their bargaining power and influence. After analyzing the spatial behavior of these various forms of collective actions, it’s reasonable to say that they develop scale policies, which means the scale becomes more than a category of analysis, but also a category of social and political practice. In this sense, it’s assumed that human groups produce and utilize the scales in order to reach their goals and organize their own collective behaviors. Keywords: Scale. Network. Cooperativism. Associativism. Syndicalism. Sisal Region of Bahia. POLITIQUES D’ÉCHELLE ET FORMATION DES STRATÉGIES-RÉSEAU DES ACTIONS COLLECTIVES DANS LA RÉGION DU SISAL DE L’ÉTAT DE BAHIA Resumé: Cet article analyse le rôle des actions collectives (associations, coopératives et syndicats d’agriculteurs) dans la prise en compte et l’utilisation des échelles géographiques pour le développement de leurs activités. L’étude a été menée dans la région du sisal à Bahia (Brésil), où un ensemble important d’associations et de coopératives d’agriculteurs et de syndicats de travailleurs ruraux se sont organisés autour d’échelles spatiales pour que puisse être mise en place leur action politique et institutionnelle, économique et productive. L’action de ces groupements organisés en réseaux a permis la conformation et le renforcement de nouvelles échelles d’action politique, comme lors de la création du conseil territorial, pour permettre la mise en œuvre des politiques gouvernementales. Les coopératives, les associations et les syndicats prennent les échelles comme point de départ pour former des organisations à différents niveaux scalaires (échelle locale, échelle régionale, échelle fédérée et échelle nationale), dans le but de renforcer leurs objectifs et d’accroître leur pouvoir de négociation et d’influence. Si nous analysons le comportement spatial de ces diverses formes d’action collective il est possible de considérer qu’ils développent des politiques d’échelle, à savoir l’échelle vient signifier bien plus qu’une catégorie d’analyse, puisqu’elle devient une catégorie de la pratique sociale et politique. En ce sens, on suppose que les groupes humains produisent et rendent efficaces leurs propres échelles pour atteindre leurs objectifs et organiser leurs comportements collectifs. Mots-clés: Échelle. Réseau. Coopérativisme. Associations. Syndicalisme. Région du sisal de l’État de Bahia.

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Social media reveal ecoregional variation in how weather influences visitor behavior in U.S. National Park Service units

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82145-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Emily J. Wilkins ◽

Peter D. Howe ◽

Jordan W. Smith

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

National Park Service ◽

Spatial Behavior ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Daily Maximum Temperature ◽

Daily Maximum ◽

Daily Weather ◽

Visitor Behavior ◽

Park Service ◽

The Impact

AbstractDaily weather affects total visitation to parks and protected areas, as well as visitors’ experiences. However, it is unknown if and how visitors change their spatial behavior within a park due to daily weather conditions. We investigated the impact of daily maximum temperature and precipitation on summer visitation patterns within 110 U.S. National Park Service units. We connected 489,061 geotagged Flickr photos to daily weather, as well as visitors’ elevation and distance to amenities (i.e., roads, waterbodies, parking areas, and buildings). We compared visitor behavior on cold, average, and hot days, and on days with precipitation compared to days without precipitation, across fourteen ecoregions within the continental U.S. Our results suggest daily weather impacts where visitors go within parks, and the effect of weather differs substantially by ecoregion. In most ecoregions, visitors stayed closer to infrastructure on rainy days. Temperature also affects visitors’ spatial behavior within parks, but there was not a consistent trend across ecoregions. Importantly, parks in some ecoregions contain more microclimates than others, which may allow visitors to adapt to unfavorable conditions. These findings suggest visitors’ spatial behavior in parks may change in the future due to the increasing frequency of hot summer days.

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Targeted Activation of Hippocampal Place Cells Drives Memory-Guided Spatial Behavior

Cell ◽

10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 183 (7) ◽

pp. 2041-2042

Author(s):

Nick T.M. Robinson ◽

Lucie A.L. Descamps ◽

Lloyd E. Russell ◽

Moritz O. Buchholz ◽

Brendan A. Bicknell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Place Cells ◽

Spatial Behavior

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Spatial behavior of northern flying squirrels in the same social network

Ethology ◽

10.1111/eth.13130 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Corinne A. Diggins ◽

W. Mark Ford

Keyword(s):

Social Network ◽

Spatial Behavior ◽

Flying Squirrels ◽

Northern Flying Squirrels

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Computer-Aided Laser-Fiber Output Beam 3D Spatial and Angular Design

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym12010083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Rocío Pérez de Prado ◽

Sebastián García-Galán ◽

José Enrique Muñoz-Expósito ◽

Adam Marchewka

Keyword(s):

Gaussian Beam ◽

Beam Theory ◽

Single Mode ◽

Wave Theory ◽

Spatial Behavior ◽

Output Beam ◽

Laser Fiber ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Fiber Output ◽

Transverse Electromagnetic

Multiple laser beams and single-mode optical fibers output can be approximated by assuming that the emitted light has a symmetrical Gaussian intensity profile, which corresponds to the transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM00), which is designated as a Gaussian beam. Current free-accessible design tools are limited to the spatial analysis of the beams, in general, and to the intensity, in particular, and to the graphical visualization in 2D with very limited options. In this work, a novel a computer-aided laser-fiber output beam TEM00 designer, CATEM00, is presented based on the 3D representations typically provided by camera beam profilers, and on the fundamentals of the wave theory of light, including diverse flexibility capabilities for graphical manipulation and parameter comprehension both in terms of spatial behavior and in angular confinement. It must be highlighted that not only is the spatial limitation design of light impact relevant in TEM00 applications but, also, the angle with which the light reaches the target. Hence, the availability of capabilities of phase design in TEM00 following the paraxial limitations is highly convenient. Results and discussion in terms of intensity, power, divergence and wave fronts are presented considering a set of study cases, showing its coherence with Gaussian beam theory.

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