scholarly journals Content and Access Provision in a Discrete Competition Model

ORiON ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petrus Potgieter ◽  
Bronwyn Howell
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Competition Model ◽  
Differentiated Products ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Product Categories

The non-rival, non-excludable and infinitely expansible characteristics of digital goods with marginal cost of zero strongly favours the use of bundling strategies. Theoretical tractability requires most models in the current literature to make highly stylized assumptions, rarely observed or anticipated in the real-life situations, motivating inquiry. This paper considers a competition model in which: * the firms, consumers and differentiated products are finite in number; * prices are discrete and not continuous; * consumers may purchase multiple items in a single product category where the degree of complementarity or substitutability of the product categories can also vary across consumers; and * where consumer-specific cost savings are obtained when purchasing multiple items from the same firm. Approximate solutions are obtained through numerical simulation. Firms act in concert to maximise the total firm revenue. Our main finding is that the interplay between maximal firm revenue, consumer surplus and prices is very complex and that high firm revenue and high consumer surplus are not antithetic. It suggests also that consumer surplus and market concentration are not necessarily related. Many market outcomes that are observed may be due to chance rather than design as diverse outcomes can accompany situations that are, to the firms, difficult to distinguish.

Do Design Tradeoffs Exist between Usability Features for Consumer Products?

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 428-431
Author(s):  
Ray E. Eberts
Keyword(s):  
Product Category ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Selection Rules ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Design Tradeoffs

The existence of design trade-offs between usability features for consumer products has been discussed in textbooks and other publications for many years (e.g., Norman, 1986). Tradeoffs occur because optimizing one feature will mean that another feature will suffer. A single product cannot be best across all dimensions of usability. In this study, NGOMSL (Natural Goals Operators Methods and Selection Rules Language) was used to model the usability of several consumer products (telephone answering machines, VCRs, calculators, and electronic organizers). In each product category, at least four different products from different manufacturers were modeled. The results showed that some product categories exhibited distinctive tradeoffs among usability features and other product categories did not. Reasons for these differences are discussed.

scholarly journals Under the Umbrella: Goal-Derived Category Construction and Product Category Nesting

2021 ◽  
pp. 000183922110123
Author(s):  
Johnny Boghossian ◽  
Robert J. David
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Derived Category ◽  
The State ◽  
Product Attributes ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Market Intermediaries ◽  
Category Construction

Categories are organized vertically, with product categories nested under larger umbrella categories. Meaning flows from umbrella categories to the categories beneath them, such that the construction of a new umbrella category can significantly reshape the categorical landscape. This paper explores the construction of a new umbrella category and the nesting beneath it of a product category. Specifically, we study the construction of the Quebec terroir products umbrella category and the nesting of the Quebec artisanal cheese product category under this umbrella. Our analysis shows that the construction of umbrella categories can unfold entirely separately from that of product categories and can follow a distinct categorization process. Whereas the construction of product categories may be led by entrepreneurs who make salient distinctive product attributes, the construction of umbrella categories may be led by “macro actors” removed from the market. We found that these macro actors followed a goal-derived categorization process: they first defined abstract goals and ideals for the umbrella category and only subsequently sought to populate it with product categories. Among the macro actors involved, the state played a central role in defining the meaning of the Quebec terroir category and mobilizing other macro actors into the collective project, a finding that suggests an expanded role of the state in category construction. We also found that market intermediaries are important in the nesting of product categories beneath new umbrella categories, notably by projecting identities onto producers consistent with the goals of the umbrella category. We draw on these findings to develop a process model of umbrella category construction and product category nesting.

The Effects of Menu Costs on Retail Performance: Evidence from Adoption of the Electronic Shelf Label Technology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Stamatopoulos ◽  
Achal Bassamboo ◽  
Antonio Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Price Adjustment ◽  
Menu Costs ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Gross Margins

We use the adoption of electronic shelf labels (ESLs) by an international grocery retailer in 2015 to identify the effects of physical menu costs (i.e., labor and material costs of price adjustment) on retail performance. We find that the installation of ESLs increased gross margins substantially, which implies profit gains that go far beyond labor cost savings. We also explore the mechanism behind this effect. We find that the lift in gross margins was associated with an increase in quantity sold and a decrease in price per unit sold, and that the lift primarily came from low-shelf life product categories. Moreover, we find that more and smaller price changes occurred with ESLs. These additional price changes were mostly price decreases, and they were dispersed in time. Our findings are consistent with reductions in both variable and fixed menu costs (i.e., both costs that scale with the number of products affected and costs that do not). This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.

The role of market and product category characteristics in local versus foreign language branding in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Farías ◽  
Luis Torres
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Local Language ◽  
Product Categories

PurposeThis paper explores which market and product category characteristics could influence the use of foreign language brand names (i.e. whether a brand uses a foreign language versus local language brand name) in some of the largest Latin American countries.Design/methodology/approachHypotheses are tested using 880 brands from 39 product categories and nine Latin American markets using a hierarchical logistic regression.FindingsResults revealed that foreign language brand names are more likely to be used in product categories related to local infrastructure, high-tech and global community. In contrast, local language brand names are more likely to be used in product categories associated to subscriptions. Findings also suggest that Hofstede's national cultural dimensions are significant factors. Finally, the results revealed that foreign language brand names are more likely to be used in markets with a low level of foreign language proficiency.Originality/valueThis paper shows the importance of considering market and product category characteristics and their potential influence on local versus foreign language branding in Latin America – an ignored issue in previous research.

Sex-Oriented Advertising and its Impact on Attitude of Teenagers: Application of Behaviuoral Intention Model across Product Categories

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapan K. Panda
Keyword(s):  
Product Category ◽  
Behavioural Intention ◽  
Commercial Product ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Adult Programs ◽  
Consumer Data ◽  
Family Setting ◽  
Sex In Advertising

Use of Sex in advertising continues despite the public outcry against it. Exposing mature adults to sex based advertising often invites lesser criticism compared to advertising that targets teenagers. Its use in advertising is no more confined to adult programs on television or adult literature; its consequences are far reaching in the context of exposure through mass media. Although some level of sex content might help in selling, the real questions are: how much sex content is appropriate; when is the use of such content appropriate, and for which target audience. The present research aims to explore some of these questions through consumer data in which teenagers are shown a series of print and television advertisements with different degree of sex content for different product categories. This paper attempts to find out the effectiveness of sex based advertising on the overall attitude and behavioural intention of respondents by application of Fishbien Behavioural Intention Model. The paper tries to find out the relationship between the use of sex content in advertisements for commercial and non-commercial product category at different levels of depiction and behavioural intention towards product categories. The results show that the respondents find sex-content based advertisement to be in bad taste in the context of family setting and there is a relatively moderating effect on the behavioural intention of consumers upon exposure to commercial product advertisements.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Win-Win: A Novel Approach to Quantify Win-Win Using Fuzzy Logic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad B. Hassanat ◽  
Ghada A. Altarawneh ◽  
Ahmad S. Tarawneh
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Uranium Enrichment ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Novel Approach

Abstract The classic win-win has a key flaw in that it cannot offer the parties with right amounts of winning because each party believes they are winners. In reality, one party may win more than the other. This strategy is not limited to a single product or negotiation; it may be applied to a variety of situations in life. We present a novel way to measure the win-win situation in this paper. The proposed method employs the Fuzzy logic to create a mathematical model that aids negotiators in quantifying their winning percentages. The model is put to the test on real-life negotiation scenarios such as the Iranian uranium enrichment negotiations, the Iraqi-Jordanian oil deal, and the iron ore negotiation (2005-2009). The presented model has shown to be a useful tool in practice and can be easily generalized to be utilized in other domains as well.

scholarly journals Environmental Product Declarations of Structural Wood: A Review of Impacts and Potential Pitfalls for Practice

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Freja Nygaard Rasmussen ◽  
Camilla Ernst Andersen ◽  
Alexandra Wittchen ◽  
Rasmus Nøddegaard Hansen ◽  
Harpa Birgisdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Data Uncertainty ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Environmental Product Declarations ◽  
Timber Products

The use of wood and timber products in the construction of buildings is repeatedly pointed towards as a mean for lowering the environmental footprint. With several countries preparing regulation for life cycle assessment of buildings, practitioners from industry will presumably look to the pool of data on wood products found in environmental product declarations (EPDs). However, the EPDs may vary broadly in terms of reporting and results. This study provides a comprehensive review of 81 third-party verified EN 15804 EPDs of cross laminated timber (CLT), glulam, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and timber. The 81 EPDs represent 86 different products and 152 different product scenarios. The EPDs mainly represent European production, but also North America and Australia/New Zealand productions are represented. Reported global warming potential (GWP) from the EPDs vary within each of the investigated product categories, due to density of the products and the end-of-life scenarios applied. Median results per kg of product, excluding the biogenic CO2, are found at 0.26, 0.24, and 0.17 kg CO2e for CLT, glulam, and timber, respectively. Results further showed that the correlation between GWP and other impact categories is limited. Analysis of the inherent data uncertainty showed to add up to ±41% to reported impacts when assessed with an uncertainty method from the literature. However, in some of the average EPDs, even larger uncertainties of up to 90% for GWP are reported. Life cycle assessment practitioners can use the median values from this study as generic data in their assessments of buildings. To make the EPDs easier to use for practitioners, a more detailed coordination between EPD programs and their product category rules is recommended, as well as digitalization of EPD data.

scholarly journals Potential Short-Term Cost-Savings in the Management of Diminutive Distal Colorectal Polyps: Data From a ‘Real-Life’ Dutch Cohort

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. S-202-S-203
Author(s):  
Mariëlle Bouwens ◽  
Eveline Rondagh ◽  
Brigitte Essers ◽  
Ad Masclee ◽  
Silvia Sanduleanu
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Colorectal Polyps ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dutch Cohort

Product Category vs Demographics

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prateek Kalia
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Auto Parts

To remain profitable, managers and researchers want to gain insights about products bought by e-shoppers in past and their future shopping interests. They also want to know, “what factors are creating difference in shopping behavior of these buyers.” This article addresses above situation by presenting product category-wise demographic comparison of past and future e-purchase intentions of e-shoppers. Results revealed significant differences in past e-purchases within gender, marital status, age, city of residence and occupational categories with respect to different product categories, surprisingly no such differences were observed in educational and family income categories. For future e-purchases intentions, significant differences were found within gender, city of residence, marital status, age and education categories. Here differences within occupational and family income groups were not observed. Maximum demographic differences were observed in product categories like clothing, books and auto parts.

scholarly journals The Structure of the Grothendieck Rings of Wreath Product Deligne Categories and their Generalisations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Ryba
Keyword(s):  
Hopf Algebra ◽  
Wreath Product ◽  
Tensor Category ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Closed Field ◽  
Grothendieck Ring ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Witt Vectors ◽  
Grothendieck Rings ◽  
Lambda Ring

Abstract Given a tensor category $\mathcal{C}$ over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, we may form the wreath product category $\mathcal{W}_n(\mathcal{C})$. It was shown in [10] that the Grothendieck rings of these wreath product categories stabilise in some sense as $n \to \infty $. The resulting “limit” ring, $\mathcal{G}_\infty ^{\mathbb{Z}}(\mathcal{C})$, is isomorphic to the Grothendieck ring of the wreath product Deligne category $S_t(\mathcal{C})$ as defined by [9] (although it is also related to $FI_G$-modules). This ring only depends on the Grothendieck ring $\mathcal{G}(\mathcal{C})$. Given a ring $R$ that is free as a $\mathbb{Z}$-module, we construct a ring $\mathcal{G}_\infty ^{\mathbb{Z}}(R)$ that specialises to $\mathcal{G}_\infty ^{\mathbb{Z}}(\mathcal{C})$ when $R = \mathcal{G}(\mathcal{C})$. We give a description of $\mathcal{G}_\infty ^{\mathbb{Z}}(R)$ using generators very similar to the basic hooks of [5]. We also show that $\mathcal{G}_\infty ^{\mathbb{Z}}(R)$ is a $\lambda $-ring wherever $R$ is and that $\mathcal{G}_\infty ^{\mathbb{Z}}(R)$ is (unconditionally) a Hopf algebra. Finally, we show that $\mathcal{G}_\infty ^{\mathbb{Z}}(R)$ is isomorphic to the Hopf algebra of distributions on the formal neighbourhood of the identity in $(W\otimes _{\mathbb{Z}} R)^\times $, where $W$ is the ring of Big Witt Vectors.

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