scholarly journals Concrete Performance in Cold Regions: Understanding Concrete’s Resistance to Freezing/Thawing Cycles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Abed ◽  
György L. Balázs
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Physical Deterioration ◽  
The Common ◽  
Surface Scaling

This Chapter provides a detailed better understanding of the freeze/thaw effect on concrete, it is discussing the attack mechanism for both types of freeze/thaw deterioration: Internal frost damage and Surface scaling. Freeze/thaw attack is a serious problem for concrete but the most common physical deterioration type that shortening the life of concrete in cold environments. An Air-entraining agent is one of the solutions for reducing the effect of freeze/thaw cycles on concrete. Meanwhile Using supplementary cementitious materials in the production of concrete has different effects on the behavior of concrete exposed to freeze/thaw cycles. This chapter is discussing five of the common supplementary cementitious materials and their effect on concrete resistance to freeze/thaw cycles.

Weathering in cold regions: some thoughts and perspectives

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Hall ◽  
Colin E. Thorn ◽  
Norikazu Matsuoka ◽  
Angelique Prick
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions

Weathering in cold regions has primarily focused on the notion of ‘cold’, such that process and landform theory have generally used this both as the developmental criterion and as the outcome of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions based on landforms or sediments. As a result of this approach, the process focus in terms of weathering has been that mechanical processes predominate, with freeze-thaw weathering as the prime agent, and that chemical processes are temperature-inhibited, often to the point of nonoccurrence. Here a reconsideration of the whole conceptual framework of weathering in cold environments is undertaken. It is shown that, contrary to popular presentations, weathering, including chemical weathering, is not temperature-limited but rather is limited by moisture availability. Indeed, summer, and oft-times even winter, rock temperatures are more than adequate to support mechanical and chemical weathering if water is present. Where water is available it is clearly shown that chemical weathering can be a major component of the weathering regime. The argument is made that there is no zonality to cold environment weathering as none of the processes or process associations are unique to cold regions; indeed, many cold regions show similar weathering assemblages to those in hot arid regions. Process-form relationships are also questioned. The assumption of angularity with weathering in cold regions is questioned, all the more so as hot arid studies identify exactly the same angularity of debris form. Further, that all forms have to be angular is shown by field examples to be no more than an artefact of original unquestioning and oft-repeated assumptions, now over a century or more old. The argument is made that there is a strong need for the reconsideration of the nature of weathering in cold environments, that current theory should be questioned and challenged, and field observation undertaken within this revised frame of reference.

scholarly journals SURFACE SCALING RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE MODIFIED WITH BITUMINOUS ADDITION

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Marta Kosior-Kazberuk ◽  
Walery Jezierski
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Cement Concrete ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Surface Scaling ◽  
Air Entrained Concrete ◽  
Scaling Resistance

Deterioration of concrete due to surface scaling is a very serious durability problem faced by the construction industry in cold environments. The experimental results of resistance to scaling due to cyclic freezing and thawing in the presence of 3 % NaCl solution (de‐icing agent) of not air‐entrained concrete with and without bituminous addition are presented and discussed in the paper. The results have been analysed using the analysis of variance and regression to verify the effect of addition content, number of freeze‐thaw cycles and the sort of cement on concrete ability to scaling. The statistical analysis showed that the bituminous addition significantly improves the scaling resistance of Portland cement concrete.

scholarly journals Assessment of Rational Design of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and Limestone Powder in Terms of Long-Term Durability

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2863
Author(s):  
Pavel Reiterman ◽  
Roman Jaskulski ◽  
Wojciech Kubissa ◽  
Ondřej Holčapek ◽  
Martin Keppert
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Limestone Powder ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Mineral Additive

Self-compaction concrete (SCC) is ranked among the main technological innovations of the last decades. Hence, it introduces a suitable possibility for further utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in terms of sustainable development. The aim of the work is the assessment of a new approach to binder design, which takes into consideration the activity of the used mineral additive. The proposed approach, which allows a systematic design of a binding system with varied properties of the used mineral additive, was studied on ternary blends consisting of Portland cement (PC), limestone powder and fly ash (FA). The verification was conducted on SCC mixtures in terms of their workability, mechanical properties and the most attention was paid to long-term durability. The long-term durability was assessed on the basis of shrinkage measurement, freeze-thaw resistance and permeability tests including initial surface absorption, chloride migration, water penetration and an accelerated carbonation test, which was compared with the evolution of carbonation front in normal conditions. The durability of studied mixtures was evaluated by using durability loss index, which allow general assessment on the basis of multiple parameters. The carbonation resistance had a dominant importance on the final durability performance of studied mixtures. The experimental program revealed that the proposed design method is reliable only in terms of properties in fresh state and mechanical performance, which were similar with control mixture. Despite suitable results of freeze-thaw resistance and shrinkage, an increasing amount of fly ash in terms of the new design concept led to a fundamental increase of permeability and thus to decay of long-term durability. Acceptable properties were achieved for the lowest dosage of fly ash.

scholarly journals Two-Year Non-Destructive Evaluation of Eco-Efficient Concrete at Ambient Temperature and after Freeze-Thaw Cycles

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10605
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Abed ◽  
Bassam A. Tayeh ◽  
B. H. Abu Bakar ◽  
Rita Nemes
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Recycled Concrete ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Non Destructive

The increasing demand for eco-efficient concrete puts pressure on the industry to innovate new alternatives for its constituent materials. Coarse recycled concrete aggregates (RA) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are considered promising substitutes for coarse natural aggregates (NA) and cement, respectively. Using destructive and non-destructive testing methods, the present work aims to evaluate the effect of RA and different types of waste SCMs on the long-term performance of self-compacting high-performance concrete (SCHPC). Twenty-one mixes that were prepared with a 0.35 water-to-binder ratio were tested for their compressive strength, surface hardness, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. These tests were conducted over a two-year period at ambient temperature and again after exposure to up to 150 freeze–thaw cycles. Study findings demonstrated the possibility of developing eco-efficient SCHPC mixes using RA and waste SCMs. In addition, correlations have been introduced for predicting the compressive strength of SCHPC.

From composition to the microstructure and durability of limestone ternary blended cements: A Systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Samuel Adu-Amankwah ◽  
Suraj Rahmon ◽  
Leon Black
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Chloride Ingress ◽  
Blended Cements ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Large Scale Field

Limestone ternary cements have attracted significant research and commercial attention recently, for technical and environmental reasons. Standardization of these cements is imminent under BS EN197-5. Presently, detailed understanding of the hydration and microstructure evolution of limestone ternary cements from different alumina-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) exists in the scientific literature; improved reaction kinetics and additional phase assemblages refine the pore structure. However, understanding of the performance of these cements under exposure conditions is less prevalent. In this contribution, we review these data in a way that allows stakeholders to appreciate the capabilities of the different compositions and their performance. We focus our discussion on critically examining the interplay between the cement composition and the microstructure on durability. It is demonstrated that limestone ternary cements offer a pathway for reducing the embodied CO2 of concrete without compromising their performance. The resistance to chloride ingress, sulphate attack and ASR are significantly improved in a manner similar to binary cements. Carbonation and freeze-thaw resistance is generally lower than OPC but adequate air entrainment can offer improvement in freeze-thaw resistance. The challenge to widespread adoption of these cements is evidence of durability under field conditions. To this end, we recommend large-scale field trialling of these cements and understanding of the role of combined exposures on durability and mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Study on the Progressive Deterioration of Tunnel Lining Structures in Cold Regions Experiencing Freeze–Thaw Cycles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5903
Author(s):  
Peng Xu ◽  
Yimin Wu ◽  
Le Huang ◽  
Kun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Tunnel Lining ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Progressive Deterioration ◽  
Structural Deterioration ◽  
Thaw Cycle ◽  
Freeze Thaw Cycle

The linings of tunnels in cold regions with long service lives usually have cracks, with parts of the structure peeling and falling off, which seriously threatens the tunnel safety and operation. The unsaturated freeze–thaw cycle of concrete, which is the main cause of structural deterioration, has not received much research attention. During the service life of tunnels in cold regions, unsaturated freeze–thaw cycles deteriorate the quality of the concrete, and its degree presents a gradual distribution in the circumferential and longitudinal directions. An experiment system was adopted to simulate the distribution of the progressive deterioration of tunnel lining concrete. The test results of the temperature field of the model show the distribution law of freeze–thaw cycles, and the gradual deterioration of the lining concrete was realized. Then, the bearing capacity of the model was tested after the progressive deterioration. The results show that the ultimate load of the model decreases with an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles. Finally, a numerical simulation was carried out to discuss the influence of the gradual deterioration of the lining. The gradual deterioration of lining concrete will encourage the gradual development of cracks, leading to serious cracking of the lining structure and even block spalling. Through this study, we hope to provide useful information for the prevention and control of tunnel frost damage in cold regions.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effects of Air Content and Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Reducing Damage Caused by Calcium Oxychloride Formation in Concrete

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Hosseinzadeh ◽  
Prannoy Suraneni
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Cement Pastes ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Air Content ◽  
Concrete Damage ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Pavement Damage

Pavement damage occurs in cold-region concrete exposed to high concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2). The damage is caused by a combination of conventional freeze-thaw damage and the formation of a deleterious phase known as calcium oxychloride from a reaction between CaCl2 and calcium hydroxide in the concrete. Much research has focused on calcium oxychloride mitigation in cement pastes, but not on concrete damage due to calcium oxychloride. In this study, the synergistic roles of air and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in reducing damage in concrete exposed to high concentrations of CaCl2 and freeze-thaw conditions is studied. Concrete mixtures were made with different SCM replacement levels and air contents ranging from 1.8 to 8.0% and immersed in 25% CaCl2 solutions and subject to freeze-thaw cycles (-8 °C to 25 °C) for 600 days. Bulk resistivity and visual assessment of damage were found to be excellent descriptors of the damage progression. Damage was reduced as the SCM content and air content was increased. Mixtures which had 20% SCM and 8% air and mixtures which had 35% SCM and more than 4% air showed strong durability against damage due to calcium oxychloride formation.

Effect of ground granulated blast funrnace slag and fly ash on strength, permeability, and under-water abrasion of fine-grained concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 775-788
Author(s):  
Quyet Truong Van ◽  
Sang Nguyen Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Chloride Permeability ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Compressive Strength Test ◽  
Economic Ground

The utilisation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is widespread in the concrete industry because of the performance benefits and economic. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash (FA) have been used as the SCMs in concrete for reducing the weight of cement and improving durability properties. In this study, GGBFS at different cement replacement ratios of 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% by weight were used in fine-grained concrete. The ternary binders containing GGBFS and FA at cement replacement ratio of 60% by weight have also evaluated. Flexural and compressive strength test, rapid chloride permeability test and under-water abrasion test were performed. Experimental results show that the increase in concrete strength with GGBFS contents from 20% to 40% but at a higher period of maturity (56 days and more). The chloride permeability the under-water abrasion reduced with the increasing cement replacement by GGBFS or a combination of GGBFS and FA

Evaluation of strength of concrete on different initial exposure condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Ram Krishna Mishra ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Ghosh ◽  
Manoj Kulshreshtha
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Skilled Manpower ◽  
Standard Practices

Background: The previous studies have focused curing effect of mainly on high strength concrete, where strict supervision is maintained. This study is based upon general purpose concreting work for commercial and residential construction in absence of skilled manpower and supervision. Objective: The objective of this study is to establish a thumb rule to provide 7 days initial curing for maintaining quality for unsupervised concreting irrelevant to type of cement and grading. Methods: In this study concrete samples made with locally available commercial cements were cured for various initial exposure. Results: The results shows that concrete cured after a gap of 4 days from the time of de-moulding have given lowest strength as compared to concrete cured in standard practices i.e. where proper curing protocol had been followed. Conclusion: Initial curing is most important aspect of gaining desired strength. The findings after this study shows that curing affects the strength of concrete in variable grading. Initial curing has great importance for concrete with all types of Portland cement. Concrete with supplementary cementitious materials gives lowest strength initially but results higher strength after 28 days as compared to Portland cement.

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