scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Flexible Electromagnetic Shields

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ion Răzvan Rădulescu ◽  
Lilioara Surdu ◽  
Emilia Visileanu ◽  
Bogdana Mitu ◽  
Cristian Morari
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Plasma Coating ◽  
Impedance Method ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
Conductive Yarns ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Conductive Properties

Nowadays, fiber based flexible electromagnetic shields have widespread applications in ensuring Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Shielding is a solution of EMC, and the main methods to estimate shielding effectiveness are represented by the circuit method and the impedance method. Magnetron sputtering of metallic layers represents a novel technique to impart electric conductive properties to fabrics. Coating of fabrics represents a second main option to manufacture textile shields beside the insertion of conductive yarns in the fabric structure. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is often used to assess a comparatively modern with a classical manufacturing process in order to prove its eco-friendly character. This chapter comparatively assesses flexible EM shields manufactured of fabrics with inserted conductive yarns with and without magnetron plasma coating. The copper plasma coating of cotton fabrics with inserted silver yarns increases shielding effectiveness (EMSE) by 8–10 dB. In order to keep for the LCA study the same functional unit of 50 dB at 100 MHz for one sqm of fabric, the fabric structure is modeled with a reduced distance between the inserted conductive yarns. Results of the LCA study show a substantial impact on the environment for the plasma coated fabric upon using a laboratory scale deposition set-up.

scholarly journals Comparative life cycle assessment study for fabric based electromagnetic shielding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ion Razvan Radulescu ◽  
Emilia Visileanu ◽  
Razvan Scarlat ◽  
Catalin Constantin ◽  
Bogdana Mitu
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Plasma Coating ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Coated Fabric ◽  
Conductive Yarns

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies represent the scientific approach for elaborating modern policies and supporting management decisions in the field of Sustainable Production and Consumption. The goal of many LCA studies undertaken for research are related to an exhaustive comparison of a modern, innovative product or process with respect to an initial, conventional one. This paper deals with such an approach for fabric based electromagnetic shielding. Electrically conductive textile fabrics are used in applications of electromagnetic shielding. Two basic types of technology for imparting electro- conductive properties to textiles are available, namely: insertion of conductive yarns in the fabric structure and coating with conductive layers. Magnetron plasma coating is a modern technology for achieving thin metallic layers on fabrics. Therefore, we focused the LCA study to the comparison between cotton woven fabrics with inserted conductive yarns out of stainless steel in warp and weft direction and cotton fabrics coated with thin layers of copper by magnetron plasma laboratory equipment. Functional unit of the comparative study was one square meter of EM textile shield with 5.2 dB at 1 GHz. A modelling of the fabric with inserted conductive yarns was performed in order to reach same shielding effectiveness at a certain frequency, as in the case of the coated fabric. Inventory data was collected for the fabric with conductive yarns from the textile company SC Majutex SRL, while for the plasma coated fabric from INFLPR. Impact assessment was performed by INCDTP, by using the LCA software SimaPro7 and the data basis EcoInvent 3.0. Interpretation of results shows that weaving of conductive yarns has a smaller impact on the environment than magnetron plasma coating using laboratory equipment, in a ratio of 1:2. This fact is explained by the industrial process of weaving as compared to laboratory process of coating, whereas brings the idea that upon utilization of industrial magnetron equipment for coating one may achieve in the end better environmental impact due to the process optimization for large area plasma processing.

scholarly journals Conductive textile structures and their contribution to electromagnetic shielding effectiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (05) ◽  
pp. 432-437
Author(s):  
Ion Razvan Radulescu ◽  
Lilioara Surdu ◽  
Bogdana Mitu ◽  
Cristian Morari ◽  
Marian Costea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Conductive Coatings ◽  
Tem Cell ◽  
Conductive Yarns ◽  
Conductive Textile ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness

Fabrics for electromagnetic shielding are especially relevant in nowadays context, contributing to human’s protection and wellbeing and to proper functioning of electronic equipment, in relation to electromagnetic compatibility. Fabrics with electromagnetic shielding properties employ two main technologies, namely insertion of conductive yarns and application of conductive coatings. Magnetron sputtering is a modern technology to enable conductive coatings with thickness in the range of nanometers onto fabrics. This paper aims to analyze contribution of various conductive textile structures out of both fabrics with inserted conductive yarns and coatings to Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE). EMSE was measured in the frequency range of 0.1–1000 MHz by using a TEM cell according to standard ASTM ES-07. Results show a gain of 10–25 dB when introducing silver yarns in warp/ weft direction, a variation of 5–35 dB between conductive yarns out of silver and stainless steel and an up to 12 dB gain out of thin copper coating by magnetron plasma onto the fabrics with inserted conductive yarns

Comparative study of the weft-knitted strain sensors

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1212-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgur Atalay ◽  
Asli Tuncay ◽  
Muhammad D Husain ◽  
William R Kennon
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Equivalent Resistance ◽  
Strain Sensing ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Signal Drift ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
Conductive Yarns ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Set Up

In this study, weft-knitted strain-sensing structures are described, along with the materials and manufacturing techniques required to produce the fabrics on a computerised flat-bed knitting machine. Knitted sensing fabrics with conductive yarns, i.e. silver-plated nylon yarn and polyester-blended stainless steel yarn have been created with different design possibilities. A laboratory test set-up was built to characterise the knitted sensors and the resulting equivalent resistance under the different level of strains. The most successful samples have been realised through a series of single conductive courses within the interlock base fabric structure using silver-plated nylon in terms of responsivity, repeatability and lower electrical signal drift. Deficiencies associated with strain-sensing structures realised through the intermeshing of conductive yarns have also been addressed.

scholarly journals Optimization of hot air welding process parameters for manufacturing textile transmission lines for e-textiles applications: Part I: Electro-conductive properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senem Kursun Bahadir ◽  
Simona Jevšnik
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Welding Parameters ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Conductive Yarns ◽  
Layered Fabric ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Conductive Properties

This paper presents optimization of the hot air welding process parameters for the formation of textile transmission lines and the electro-conductive properties of these manufactured transmission lines. A dedicated manufacturing set-up has been developed to allow a reliable and flexible textile signal transmission line at adequate conductivity. In order to manufacture textile transmission lines, different welding parameters with different conductive yarns and welding tapes were considered. Layered fabric structures consisting of textile transmission lines and fabrication tolerances were determined, as well as electro-conductive properties for welded samples. It was found that the choice of welding parameters, depending on the materials used for the formation of textile transmission lines, is extremely important for obtaining good electro-conductive properties. In addition, welding tapes and thermoplastic materials play an important role during the set-up of welding process parameters. Results statistically confirmed that welding tapes with conductive yarns can significantly cause a variety of changes in the signal qualities of welded textile transmission lines. The obtained results based on conductivity and signal-to-noise ratios are really promising for the manufacturing of e-textile transmission lines via hot air welding technology.

Energy Calculation Model of Concrete Based on Life Cycle Assessment

2011 ◽  
Vol 287-290 ◽  
pp. 1217-1220
Author(s):  
Ping Gong
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Energy Calculation ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Theory ◽  
Energy Consumption Analysis ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

The energy consumption of concrete is considered as the research object,and the life cycle theory is applied in the energy consumption analysis of concrete. the life cycle energy consumption inventory analysis of concrete is set up,the concrete’s whole life cycle is divided into four stage. Each stage’s energy consumption is carried out a detailed analysis. Based on the inventory analysis, an energy calculation model of concrete is established .

scholarly journals THE GAIN IN SHIEDLING EFFECTIVENESS ACHIEVED BY SUPERPOSITION OF STAINLES-STEEL PLASMA COATED WOVEN FABRICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 348-354
Author(s):  
I.R. Radulescu ◽  
L. Surdu ◽  
E. Visileanu ◽  
I. Sandulache ◽  
C. Morari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Plasma Coating ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Tem Cell ◽  
Textile Fabrics ◽  
Conductive Yarns ◽  
Cell Measurement

Electromagnetic shielding based on textile fabrics is important in applications for ensuring proper work of electronic equipment and for protection of human’s health. Fibre-based materials include a good capability for a precise design of the physical and electric properties of the EM shields. There are two main methods to impart electroconductive properties to textile fabrics: insertion of conductive yarns into the fabric structure and coating with conductive layers. In our approach, both methods were applied: cotton woven fabrics with conductive yarns of stainless steel and silver, were coated by magnetron sputtering with stainless steel layers. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) was determined by Transversal-Electric- Magnetic (TEM) cell measurement system, according to standard ASTM ES-07. Moreover, EMSE was determined for the superposition of the manufactured textile shields. The stainless-steel plasma coating improves EMSE with 20 dB in case of the fabrics with stainless steel yarns and with 15-17 dB in case of the fabrics with silver yarns, in the frequency range of 0.1-1000 MHz. By superposition of the plasma coated shields, the gain in EMSE achieved was of 6 dB for the fabrics with stainless steel yarns and of 5-8 dB for the fabrics with silver yarns, on the same frequency range. EMSE has significant higher values in case of the superposed shields with silver yarns and stainless-steel coating for the frequency domain of 100-1000 MHz, due to the higher thickness and the significant contribution of the multiple reflection term.

scholarly journals Modelling and testing the electromagnetic near field shielding effectiveness achieved by woven fabrics with conductive yarns

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (03) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
RĂDULESCU ION RĂZVAN ◽  
SURDU LILIOARA ◽  
VISILEANU EMILIA ◽  
COSTEA MARIAN ◽  
PĂTRU ION ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Electrical Measurement ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Analytic Relation ◽  
Field Frequency ◽  
Conductive Yarns

The current extensively development of electrical devices and telecommunication requires adequate solutions for ensuring electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). One of the main solutions provided by EMC is the shielding against electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Conventional screens for EM radiation are constructed from metallic plates, however, fabrics with conductive yarns may be used as well, with multiple advantages: lightweight, flexibility, mechanical resistance and 3D shape ability. The paper addresses the shielding of the electromagnetic near field, by proposing an analytic relation taking into account both geometrical and electrical parameters of the fabric, based on the circuit method. A validation study was performed, by measuring the shielding effectiveness of an enclosure with a cover from woven fabrics with conductive yarns. The experimental setup includes both the electrical measurement devices, as well as a set of five woven fabrics with conductive yarns from stainless steel and silver. The experimental results for the electromagnetic near field frequency range (1–20 MHz) present values in good relationship to the analytic relation. The simplified analytic relation allows the computing of the distance between the conductive yarns of the woven fabric in relation to the targeted shielding effectiveness. This relation supports the design process of a fabric, with balance between its costs and its target shielding effectiveness.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Energy Efficiency of a Solar Thermal Installation in a Family House

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2305
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Košičan ◽  
Miguel Ángel Pardo Picazo ◽  
Silvia Vilčeková ◽  
Danica Košičanová
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Family House

Designing solar strategies is a powerful step forward to set up an adequate residential house in terms of energy. Many types of research have simulated the energy needs for residential buildings. Designing an improper installation can contribute to a growth in the overall energy expenditure in ensuring thermal comfort. The use of solar thermal processes in Slovakia is on a rise as compared to recent years. This study models twelve solar water heating systems created on the roof of the household. Solar energy techniques are carried out to comply with the demands of heating and domestic hot water. The analysis deals with the most efficient alternative for the arranged solar systems of the building. Considering these installations and the corresponding overall prices of machinery, the best workable alternative is selected. The potential energy performance of auxiliary heating and the energy output of the solar thermal installation are examined. The required amounts of the different energy contributions are modelled and simulated in specific software for a family house in Kosice, Slovakia. We determine the limits of the design for an apartment and analyse which procedure is used to provide the typical average water expenditure and heating need, covering a multi-criteria analysis considering costs, energy, and life cycle analysis of every installation. This approach can support professionals to decide the best scheme considering these criteria, and this method can be satisfactorily applied. In these conditions, converting a conventional gas boiler into a solar thermal system involves monthly economic savings of around EUR 140–250, with payback periods of 2.5–7 years. The energy requirements are fully covered by the solar thermal schemes and the life cycle assessment resulted in reasonable impacts on the environment.

scholarly journals Modelling the Woven Structures with Inserted Conductive Yarns Coated with Magnetron Plasma and Testing Their Shielding Effectiveness

Textiles ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20
Author(s):  
Ion Razvan Radulescu ◽  
Lilioara Surdu ◽  
Razvan Scarlat ◽  
Catalin Constantin ◽  
Bogdana Mitu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Plasma Coating ◽  
Analytic Model ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Tem Cell ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Conductive Yarns ◽  
Woven Structures ◽  
Transverse Electromagnetic ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness

The paper proposes the analytic modelling of flexible textile shields made of fabrics with inserted conductive yarns and metallic plasma coating in order to calculate their electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE). This manufacturing process is highly innovative, since copper plasma coating improves EMSE on the fabrics with inserted conductive yarns of stainless steel and silver with 10–15 dB in the frequency range of 0.1–1000 MHz, as shown by the measured EMSE values determined according to the standard ASTM ES-07 via the Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) cell. On the other hand, modelling of EMSE for such conductive flexible shields gives an insight on estimating EMSE in the design phase of manufacturing the shield, based on its geometric and electrical parameters. An analytic model was proposed based on the sum of EMSE of the fabric with inserted conductive yarns and EMSE of the copper coating. The measurement results show close values to the proposed analytic model, especially in case of fabric with conductive yarns having stainless steel content.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of electricity generation from Jatropha oil in a short chain in Mali

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia MENEGHEL FONSECA ◽  
Nawelle CHAOUKI ◽  
Anthony BENOIST ◽  
Guillaume BUSSET ◽  
Roland PIROT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Set Up

Jatropha curcas is an inedible oil crop which can grow under semiarid climatic conditions. Its oil can be used straight as fuel to provide energy in remote areas to improve living conditions. The aim of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of the electricity generation from Jatropha oil under West African conditions, by means of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). These potential impacts are calculated for four crop managements and compared to the ones of a reference electricity generation from conventional diesel. Data used in this work are from Jatropha plantations set up in Mali since 2006.LCA results show that the potential benefits of the Jatropha systems are highly dependent on the crop management, especially for the fertilization strategy and the promotion of the oilcake. However, in all cases, the Jatropha systems have lower impacts than the reference diesel system by 75% to 96% for abiotic depletion, and by 80% to 97% for ozone layer depletion, and higher impacts by 260% to 1000% for eutrophication, and by 26% to 160% for acidification. In the best case, the Jatropha system can also have lower impacts than the reference system by 76% for climate change, and by 88% for photochemical oxidation.A methodological originality of this work is the inclusion of animal and human labour into the LCA framework. A first model is proposed for the accounting of energy consumption and GreenHouse Gases (GHG) emissions due to labour. Concerning energy consumption, labour is not negligible with a share from 14% to 50% of the total impact of the Jatropha systems; however the highest share of 50% corresponds to the scenarios with the lowest energy demand. CH4 emissions from livestock are also not negligible but second-order in this study since they account for 2% to 13% of total GHG emissions.

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