scholarly journals TrkA Signalling and Parkinson’s Dementia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jeyaram Bharathi ◽  
Justin Antony
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Receptor ◽  
Nonmotor Symptoms ◽  
Trka Receptors ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Cognitive impairment and dementia are the most frequently occurring nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD), yet these symptoms are mostly overlooked and are not diagnosed and treated exceptionally like the cardinal motor symptoms in clinical practice. It is only in the late twentieth century that dementia has been recognized as a major clinical manifestation in PD. The possible mechanisms that cause dementia are complex with different patterns of cognitive behavior that disrupt the patient’s quality of life. It is preeminently considered that the cholinergic denervation in the basal forebrain region mediates dementia in PD. So far, dopamine-based therapy is the key objective in the treatment of PD and the nonmotor symptoms are mostly neglected. Interestingly, the loss of Tyrosine kinase receptor-A (TrkA) signaling in basal forebrain results in neuronal atrophy, which precedes cholinergic denervation and cognitive impairment. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) binds to TrkA receptors, inducing a cascade of events like PI-3Kinase/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways that render cholinergic degeneration and upregulate the choline acetyltransferase activity and neuronal differentiation. Hence, TrkA receptor activation by small molecules might attenuate the dementia symptoms associated with PD, and may be targeted as a novel treatment strategy along with regular clinical agents.

Ethnography

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Kwame Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Ethnography (Understanding Qualitative Research) provides a comprehensive guide to understanding, conceptualizing, and critically assessing ethnographic research and its resultant texts. Through a series of discussions and illustrations, utilizing both classic and contemporary examples, the book highlights distinct features of ethnography as both a research methodology and a writing tradition. It emphasizes the importance of training—including familiarity with culture as an anthropologically derived concept and critical awareness of the history of ethnography. To this end, it introduces the notion of ethnographic comportment, which serves as a standard for engaging and gauging ethnography. Indeed, ethnographic comportment issues from a familiarity with ethnography’s problematic past and inspires a disposition of accountability for one’s role in advancing ethnographic practices. Following an introductory chapter outlining the emergence and character of ethnography as a professionalized field, subsequent chapters conceptualize ethnographic research design, consider the practices of representing research methodologies, discuss the crafting of accurate and evocative ethnographic texts, and explain the different ways in which research and writing gets evaluated. While foregrounding interpretive and literary qualities that have gained prominence since the late twentieth century, the book properly situates ethnography at the nexus of the social sciences and the humanities. Ethnography (Understanding Qualitative Research) presents novice ethnographers with clear examples and illustrations of how to go about conducting, analyzing, and representing their research; its primary purpose, however, is to introduce readers to effective practices for understanding and evaluating the quality of ethnography.

Errata

2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1011
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Empirical Theory ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Property Loss ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Zagar, R. J., Busch, K. G., Hughes, J. R., & Arbit, J. (2009) Comparing early and late twentieth-century Boston and Chicago male juvenile offenders: what changed? Psychological Reports, 104, 185–198. In Table 1, page 190, for all χ2 comparisons, df = 2; these are comparisons of the Chicago 1909–1915 and Chicago 1980–1988 groups for all variables but gang membership, for which there were no early data from Chicago; so the Boston 1917–1922 data were compared to Chicago 1980–1988. Only statistically significant values of comparison statistics are shown. Zagar, R. J., Isbell, S. A., Busch, K. G., & Hughes, J. R. (2009) An empirical theory of the development of homicide within individuals. Psychological Reports, 104, 199–245. In Table 7, page 218, df = 466 for two-tailed t-tests. In Table 8, page 219, df = 232 for two-tailed t-tests. Only statistically significant values of t are shown in Tables 7 and 8. Zagar, A. K., Zagar, R. J., Bartikowski, B., & Busch, K. G. (2009) Cost comparisons of raising a child from birth to 17 years among samples of abused, delinquent, violent, and homicidal youth using victimization and justice system estimates. Psychological Reports, 104, 309–338. In Fig. 1, page 312, there were 425 Nonviolent Delinquents for comparison with 425 Assaulting Delinquents. In Table 1, page 313–314, df = 3 for all χ2 comparisons on page 313. For Homicidal comparisons on page 314, the chi-square df = 3 for race and df = 2 for family, since there were no orphans in the Random Sample of Homicidal. Only statistically significant values of χ2 are shown. In Table 4, page 319, the entire row for Assault was omitted and should read Productivity: 1,015,813; Medical Care/Ambulance: 18,421; Mental Health Care: 5,088; Police and Fire Service: 1,392; Social Victim Service: 0; Property Loss/Damage: 8,102; Subtotal: 1,048,816; Intangible Loss/Quality of Life: 2,075,833; Total Losses: 3,124,649. IM, S., & MIN, S. (2013) Exploration of the factor structure of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory using bootstrapping estimation. Psychological Reports: Human Resources & Marketing, 112, 2, 437–444. Footnote 1 on page 437 should read: Address correspondence to Soonhong Min, Yonsei Business School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Sudaemun-ku, Seoul, South Korea or e-mail ( [email protected] ).

Humor and Comedy

2021 ◽  
pp. 437-461
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Computational Humor ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Through most of the twentieth century, psychologists were the preeminent theorists of humor. Since the late twentieth century, linguists, neuroscientists, and computer scientists have also addressed the subject. This chapter presents classic theories of humor—relief/arousal, superiority/disparagement, and incongruity theories, including recent neuroimaging research—followed by an overview of linguistic and semantic theories. The field of computational humor is described, including humor during human–artificial intelligence interaction. The uses and effects of humor are summarized in the areas of education, advertising, and health. Although humor and laughter may not always improve learning, persuasion, or physical health they can enhance the credibility of the communicator and improve the quality of life.

The use of FAS (Federal Accounting Standards) “Information on operations with related companies” in medical institutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Natalia Parasotskaya
Keyword(s):  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Accounting Standard ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The article considers the problems of transition of medical institutions to a new stage of economic revolution in Russia at the turn of the century and processes of increased economic integration, which scored the greater activity in the late twentieth century, demanded, in addition to addressing several other challenges, improvement of accounting in Russia in accordance with international standards. The main direction of signiƒcant transformation of accounting in Russia is to improve the quality of information provided to users, as well as its free access for users of such information. Over the years, there has been a gradual change in the Russian accounting and reporting system using foreign experience. “Concession agreements for the provision of services: accounting from the concendant in the framework of the Federal public sector accounting standard”.

Nine Centuries of Man

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Court Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Police Reports ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Scottish History ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

What did it mean to be a man in Scotland over the past nine centuries? Scotland, with its stereotypes of the kilted warrior and the industrial ‘hard man’, has long been characterised in masculine terms, but there has been little historical exploration of masculinity in a wider context. This interdisciplinary collection examines a diverse range of the multiple and changing forms of masculinities from the late eleventh to the late twentieth century, exploring the ways in which Scottish society through the ages defined expectations for men and their behaviour. How men reacted to those expectations is examined through sources such as documentary materials, medieval seals, romances, poetry, begging letters, police reports and court records, charity records, oral histories and personal correspondence. Focusing upon the wide range of activities and roles undertaken by men – work, fatherhood and play, violence and war, sex and commerce – the book also illustrates the range of masculinities that affected or were internalised by men. Together, the chapters illustrate some of the ways Scotland’s gender expectations have changed over the centuries and how, more generally, masculinities have informed the path of Scottish history

Trey Ellis's Platitudes: Redefining Black Voices

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-76
Author(s):  
Quan Manh Ha
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
American Literature ◽  
African American Literature ◽  
Black Experience ◽  
Racial Issues ◽  
Black Voices ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
One Year ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Trey Ellis has emerged as a prominent African American writer of the late-twentieth century, despite the small number of his published works. “The New Black Aesthetic,” an essay that he first published in CaUaloo in 1989, one year after the publication of his first novel, Platitudes, stands as a manifesto that defines and articulates his perspective on the emerging black literary voices and culture of the time, and on “the future of African American artistic expression” in the postmodern era.1 According to Eric Lott, Ellis's novel parodies the literary and cultural conflict between such male experimental writers as lshmael Reed and such female realist writers as Alice Walker.2 Thus, Ellis's primary purpose in writing Platitudes is to redefine how African Americans should be represented in fiction, implying that neither of the dominant approaches can completely articulate late-twentieth-century black experience when practiced in isolation. In its final passages, Platitudes represents a synthesis of the two literary modes or styles, and it embodies quite fully the diversity of black cultural identities at the end of the twentieth century as it extends African American literature beyond racial issues. In this way, the novel exemplifies the literary agenda that Ellis suggests in his theoretical essay.

A New Denominational Historiography?

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-263
Author(s):  
John F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Religious Institution ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
American Society ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Over the last decade, a noteworthy number of published studies have, in one fashion or another, been defined with reference to religious denominations. This is an arresting fact, for, coincidentally, the status of religious denominations in the society has been called into question. Some formerly powerful bodies have lost membership (at least relatively speaking) and now experience reduced influence, while newer forms of religious organization(s)—e.g., parachurch groups and loosely structured movements—have flourished. The most compelling recent analysis of religion in modern American society gives relatively little attention to them. Why, then, have publications in large numbers appeared, in scale almost seeming to be correlated inversely to this trend?No single answer to this question is adequate. Surely one general factor is that historians often “work out of phase” with contemporary social change. If denominations have been displaced as a form of religious institution in society in the late twentieth century, then their prominence in earlier eras is all the more intriguing.

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