scholarly journals Immunological and Virological Failure among Individuals on Highly-Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadush Negash ◽  
Brhane Berhe ◽  
Miglas Welay
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Virological Failure ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Highly Active

Initiation of antiretroviral treatment decreased HIV related mortality and morbidity. Virological failure (a condition defined when the plasma viral load of HIV infected individuals greater than 1000 RNA copies/ml based on two consecutive viral load measurements with adherence support) have an increased risk of clinical progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and death. Nowadays, combination of highly active antiretroviral therapy is recommended to decrease the likelihood of drug resistance. However, there is emergence of drug resistance and treatment failure during treatment. Hence, managing and detecting antiretroviral treatment response is important to monitor the effectiveness of medication and possible drug switching for treatment regimens. Additionally, mechanisms of drug resistance and factors associated with immunological and virological treatment failure should be addressed.

Indinavir hair concentration in highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated patients: association with viral load and drug resistance

AIDS ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 941-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Servais ◽  
Gilles Peytavin ◽  
Vic Arendt ◽  
Thérèse Staub ◽  
François Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active

Raised viral load in patients with viral suppression on highly active antiretroviral therapy: transient increase or treatment failure?

AIDS ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia L. Moore ◽  
Mike Youle ◽  
Marc Lipman ◽  
Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri ◽  
Fiona Lampe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Transient Increase ◽  
Highly Active

Proviral HIV-1 DNA in subjects followed since primary HIV-1 infection who suppress plasma viral load after one year of highly active antiretroviral therapy

AIDS ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong ◽  
Christiane Deveau ◽  
Isabelle Da Silva ◽  
Isabelle Pellegrin ◽  
Alain Venet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Plasma Viral Load ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
One Year ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Interleukin-7 levels before highly active antiretroviral therapy may predict CD4+ T-cell recovery and virological failure in HIV-infected children

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Resino ◽  
Alicia Pérez ◽  
Juan Antonio León ◽  
Mª Dolores Gurbindo ◽  
Mª Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Virological Failure ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Cell Recovery ◽  
Interleukin 7 ◽  
Highly Active

scholarly journals Long-Term Immunological and Virological Outcomes in Children Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Demissie Assegu Fenta ◽  
Temesgen Bizuayehu Wube ◽  
Metsihet Mohammed Nuru
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Virological Failure ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Viral Load Suppression ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hawassa University

Purpose. To determine immunological and virological failure and associated factors among children infected with human immunodeficiency virus receiving antiretroviral treatments at Hawassa University Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 273 HIV-infected children from July 1 to December 1, 2019. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and review of patient records. Blood samples for viral load and CD4 count were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Significance group comparison was done by the Kaplan-Meier log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to select significant factors of the variability between groups. Results. A total of 273 children, between the age ranges of 1 to 14 years, were included. Of these, 139 (50.9%) and 134 (49.1%) were males and females, respectively. Children from the rural area were almost five times more vulnerable for virological and immunological failure than those children from the urban area ( AOR = 4.912 , (1.276-8.815), P = 0.032 ). The overall viral load suppression was 196 (71.8%) with a good adherence of 226 (82.9%). Nonsuppressed HIV viral load was found to be 77 (28.2%) which had two times more viral load copies ( AOR = 2.01 , (1.21–2.66), P = 0.001 ) when compared to those who had suppressed viral load copies. The proportions of children who had immunological nonresponse were 45.6% (21 out of 46), 30.4% (14 out of 46), and 23.9% (11 out of 46) among children with baseline CD4 of <200, 201-500, and >500 cells/μl, respectively. Unimproved outcomes among females were noted for immunological and virological failure in this study ( AOR = 1.901 , (1.038-3.481), P = 0.038 ). Conclusion. In conclusion, the highly active antiretroviral treatment appeared highly effective in terms of immunological and virological long-term outcomes. However, viral suppression (71.8%) in our study was far apart from the UNAIDS target of 90% in 2020. For that reason, strengthening adherence counseling and early initiation of HAART is important.

scholarly journals Determinants of virological failure among adults on first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy at public health facilities in Kombolcha town, Northeast, Ethiopia: a case–control study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e036223
Author(s):  
Habtamu Mengist Meshesha ◽  
Zelalem Mehari Nigussie ◽  
Anemaw Asrat ◽  
Kebadnew Mulatu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Virological Failure ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
First Line ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Northeast Ethiopia ◽  
Control Study

ObjectiveTo identify determinants of virological failure among HIV-infected adults on first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy at public health facilities in Kombolcha town, Northeast, Ethiopia, in 2019.MethodsAn unmatched case–control study was conducted from April to May 2019. About 130 cases and 259 controls were selected by simple random sampling. Data were extracted from charts of patients using a structured checklist. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify possible factors. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test was used to check the model. Finally, independent predictor variables of virological failure were identified based on adjusted OR (AOR) with 95% CI and a p value of 0.05.ResultsThe odds of virological failure were 2.4-fold (AOR=2.44, 95% CI 1.353 to 4.411) higher in clients aged <35 years compared with older clients, fivefold (AOR=5.00, 95% CI 2.60 to 9.63) higher in clients who did not disclose their HIV status, threefold (AOR=2.99, 95% CI 1.33 to 6.73) higher in clients with poor adherence, and 7.5-fold (AOR=7.51, 95% CI 3.98 to 14.14) higher in clients who had recent CD4 count of ≤250 cells/mm3.Conclusion and recommendationThis study revealed that age, marital status, occupation, disclosure status, baseline functional status, missed clinic visit, current antiretroviral therapy regimen, adherence to treatment and recent CD4 count were significantly associated with virological failure. Therefore, adherence support should be strengthened among clients. Missed clinic visits should also be reduced, as it could help clients better adhere to treatment, and therefore boost their immunity and suppress viral replication.

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