scholarly journals Chemical Pollution of Drinking Water in Haiti: An Important Threat to Public Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Emmanuel ◽  
Evens Emmanuel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Renal Changes ◽  
The Republic

The geophysical environment of the Republic of Haiti is characterized by hydrological and biogeographical climatic phenomena, and a relief marked by its rugged appearance. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains formed of limestone. The differences in level are very marked. Fragmentation is another feature of the relief. These environmental imperfections juxtaposed with difficult socioeconomic conditions and anthropogenic actions raise questions about possible chemical metal pollution of the country’s water resources. Indeed, the predominance of limestone in the Haitian geology generate water hardness, and in the case where the magnesium concentration is less than 7 mg/l, this water may be the source of cardiovascular diseases. Studies carried out on several water points show a total hardness greater than 200 mg/l. In Port-au-Prince, concentrations of lead ranging from 40 μg/L to 90 μg/L and high Cr (III) risks were measured and estimated in groundwater and drinking water. Concentration of fluorine ranging from 0 to 2 mg/l were obtained from water resources. Concentration above 1.5 mg/l have been found from alluvial aquifers. Chronic public health risks, such as cardiovascular diseases, deterioration of the psychological development of children, irreversible functional and morphological renal changes, and dental fluorosis, strain Haiti’s water resources. Chemicals’ exposures seem to pose a threat to public health in Haiti, which need to be studied. The aim of this study is: (i) to analyze the contribution of geology and anthropogenic actions in the alteration of water quality, (ii) to review the toxicology of chemicals detected in water distributed in Port-au-Prince.

scholarly journals The Hardness of Drinking Water Negatively while Socio-Economic Deprivation Positively Correlate with the Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates due to Cardiovascular Diseases in Hungarian Wine Regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagy ◽  
Sipka ◽  
SipkaJr ◽  
Kocsis ◽  
Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Red Wines ◽  
Economic Deprivation ◽  
White Wines ◽  
Economic State ◽  
Wine Region

We compared the age-adjusted death rates (AADR) for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among 206,159 inhabitants analyzed between 2000 and 2010 in four wine territories of Hungary: Tokaj (white wines), Eger (mostly red wines), Balaton (mostly white wines), Szekszárd-Villány (mostly red wines) and Hódmezővásárhely (HMV) (not a wine region). The mortality rates were also assessed from the aspects of total hardness of drinking water and index of socio-economic deprivation (ID). We found the highest cardiovascular mortality in the Tokaj region and HMV. On the other hand, lower numbers of CVD were observed in Szekszárd-Villány, Balaton and Eger. These findings on cardiovascular mortality correlated negatively and significantly with the values of total hardness of drinking waters, which were low in Tokaj and HMV. They were higher in Szekszárd-Villány, Balaton and Eger. Additionally, and surprisingly, the mortality of CVD correlated positively and significantly with the ID values despite of the small numeric differences. The hardness of drinking water and the level of socio-economic state seem to have a greater impact on the mortality rate of CVD than the consumption of “red” or “white” dominant types of wines at a region. This study shows data on a population larger than 200,000 persons.

scholarly journals Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among students from João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Saads Carvalho ◽  
Helen Moura Kehrle ◽  
Fábio Correia Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Permanent Residents ◽  
Oral Hygiene Habits

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 12-15-year-old students from João Pessoa, PB, Brazil before starting a program of artificial fluoridation of drinking water. The use of fluoridated dentifrice was also surveyed. A sample of 1,402 students was randomly selected. However, 31 students refused to participate and 257 were not permanent residents in João Pessoa, thus leaving a final sample of 1,114 students. Clinical exams were carried out by two calibrated dentists (Kappa = 0.78) under natural indirect light. Upper and lower front teeth were cleaned with gauze and dried, and then examined using the TF index for fluorosis. A questionnaire on dentifrice ingestion and oral hygiene habits was applied to the students. The results revealed that fluorosis prevalence in this age group was higher than expected (29.2%). Most fluorosis cases were TF = 1 (66.8%), and the most severe cases were TF = 4 (2.2%). The majority of the students reported that they had been using fluoridated dentifrices since childhood; 95% of the participants preferred brands with a 1,500 ppm F concentration, and 40% remembered that they usually ingested or still ingest dentifrice during brushing. It was concluded that dental fluorosis prevalence among students in João Pessoa is higher than expected for an area with non-fluoridated water. However, although most students use fluoridated dentifrices, and almost half ingest slurry while brushing, the majority of cases had little aesthetic relevance from the professionals' point of view, thus suggesting that fluorosis is not a public health problem in the locality.

scholarly journals Pathogens and indicators in wastewater matrices

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Alexandra Keegan ◽  
Candani Tutuka ◽  
Paul Monis
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Agricultural Use

As climate change and increasing population sizes continue to place stress on water resources, communities are increasingly looking to recycled water as a supplementary water source, whether for drinking water, domestic irrigation, industrial or agricultural use. Protecting public health by ensuring the safety of water supplies is a key concern for the water industry and health authorities.

scholarly journals UJI KADAR FLUORIDA DALAM AIR MINUM KEMASAN TAHUN 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadella Vilutama ◽  
Ferry Kriswandana ◽  
Darjati .
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Bottled Drinking Water ◽  
Tridax Procumbens ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Harvard School

Studies in the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and the China Medical University of Shenyang in 2012 showed that fluorides beyond the standard levels defined in the United States (0.7 to 1.2 mg/L) are capable of affecting IQ of children. Therefore, fluoride levels in drinking water in Indonesia need to be controlled. The purpose of the present study was to determine the levels of fluoride in drinking water in accordance with the SNI 01-3553-2006 regarding Bottled Drinking Water.  The present study was a descriptives research. Samples were taken at Supermarket C and examined at the Center for Health Laboratory Surabaya. Data were tabulated and descriptively analyzed.  Result showed that the samples examined did not qualify the SNI 01-3553-2006 regarding Bottled Drinking Water. The excessive levels of fluoride may cause public health problems. One of these health problems is dental fluorosis, a decrease in IQ of children and an increase in the risk of fractures. The levels of fluoride in bottled drinking water in the study ranged from the smallest 0.907 mg/L to the largest 1.498 mg/L. The future researchers are recommended to study the effectiveness of bio-carbon filters from the plant Tridax procumbens to eliminate the levels of fluoride in drinking water with temperature variations.

scholarly journals Quality of drinking water and health of population in the Republic of Altai

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
T. V. Yarkina ◽  
L. P. Volkotrub
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fluorine Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Water ◽  
Maximum Permissible Concentrations ◽  
Demographic Indices ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Adult Morbidity

The influence of the chemical composition of water in the Republic of Altai (RA) on medical-demographic indices has been studied. It has been found that the water is poorly mineralized, the fluorine content in it is three times lower than the optimal one, and the pollution of the water with toxicants 3.3—4.6 times exceeds the maximum permissible level. Significant correlation coefficients (р < 0.05) are revealed between the excess over the maximum permissible concentrations of toxicants in the drinking water and infant mortality; total chemical pollution of water and total adult morbidity, optimality index of the drinking water and morbidity with new-onset circulatory diseases, fluorine content in the drinking water and the level of congenital defects, water mineralization and hardness and the oncological mortality level in RA rural regions.

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