scholarly journals The Diagnosis, Clinical Course, Treatment, and Prevention of the Rabies Virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaida Hopkins ◽  
Samantha Sweck ◽  
Sean Richards
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Therapy Success

Rabies, despite available vaccines, causes approximately 55,000 deaths every year. Diagnosing relies on noting physical behaviors such as hydrophobia, vomiting, fever, behavior changes, paralysis, and consciousness, as well as, using several methodologies to molecularly detect the presence of the virus. RABV often enters through a bite wound given that it is transmissible through saliva. Infection spreads from muscle fibers into the peripheral nervous system traveling to the central nervous system. Infection of the central nervous system can lead to encephalitis (furious rabies) or acute flaccid paralysis (paralytic rabies). Treatment relies heavily on the time of exposure. If the patient is diagnosed prior to being symptomatic, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can be administered. However, once the patient has begun displaying symptoms, therapy success rates sharply decline. Prevention includes vaccinating during both pre- and post-exposures, as well as utilizing Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE) to aid impoverished countries in declining their rabies mortality rates.

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Infection with Histoplasma capsulatum

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Riddell ◽  
L. Joseph Wheat
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Filamentous Form ◽  
Disseminated Infection ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Histoplasmosis is an endemic fungal infection that may affect both immune compromised and non-immune compromised individuals. It is now recognized that the geographic range of this organism is larger than previously understood, placing more people at risk. Infection with Histoplasma capsulatum may occur after inhalation of conidia that are aerosolized from the filamentous form of the organism in the environment. Clinical syndromes typically associated with histoplasmosis include acute or chronic pneumonia, chronic cavitary pulmonary infection, or mediastinal fibrosis or lymphadenitis. Disseminated infection can also occur, in which multiple organ systems are affected. In up to 10% of cases, infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with histoplasmosis may occur with or without disseminated infection. In this review, we discuss challenges related to the diagnosis of CNS histoplasmosis and appropriate treatment strategies that can lead to successful outcomes.

Diabetes mellitus and the central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
E V Surkova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Relationship Of

The review considers the current views on the central nervous system (CNS) in diabetes mellitus (DM). It discusses an attitude towards the term «diabetic encephalopathy». The data of investigations of cognitive functions in types 1 and 2 DM and the brain structural imaging results obtained using up-to-date technologies are considered. The results of studies of the factors that induce cerebral changes in DM and their associated cognitive impairments are given. There is evidence that hyperglycemia has a more considerable impact on the above processes than hypoglycemia; other possible factors, apart from blood glucose control, are set out. The current views on the function of insulin in the CNS and the relationship of central insulin resistance to Alzheimer’s disease are outlined. There are current data on intranasal insulin application that is still exploratory, but, as might be judged from the findings, may by a promising method for the treatment and prevention of cognitive decline in both patients with DM and those without this condition.

scholarly journals High doses of cefotaxime in treatment of adult meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibilities to broad-spectrum cephalosporins.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
P F Viladrich ◽  
C Cabellos ◽  
R Pallares ◽  
F Tubau ◽  
J Martínez-Lacasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Adjunctive Therapy ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Doses

We treated nine patients (10 episodes) with meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with decreased susceptibilities to broad-spectrum cephalosporins with high doses of cefotaxime (300 mg/kg of body weight per day; maximum dose, 24 g/day). Early adjunctive therapy with dexamethasone was also administered. Cefotaxime MICs were 0.5 (three episodes), 1 (five episodes), and 2 (two episodes) micrograms/ml, and MBCs ranged from 1 to 4 micrograms/ml. Therapy was well tolerated, and all patients experienced prompt clinical improvement. One patient died 8 days after the end of therapy, the central nervous system infection had already been cured, and the remaining patients recovered without relapses.

scholarly journals The involvement of Central Nervous System and sequence variability of Severe Adult Respiratory Syndrome – Coronavirus-2 revealed in autopsy tissue samples: a case report.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lis Høy Marbjerg ◽  
Christina Jacobsen ◽  
Jannik Fonager ◽  
Claus Bøgelund ◽  
Morten Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Forensic Autopsy ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Perivascular Inflammation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Background: The case presented here illustrates that interdisciplinary teamwork can be essential for the understanding of the COVID-19 disease presentation and enlightening of the pathophysiology. Case presentation: A 60-years-old overweight woman without any comorbidities was found dead in her apartment after 14 days of home isolation due to suspicion on the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). She had reported symptoms of tachycardia, fever, and increasing respiratory difficulty one day before her death. Due to the Danish legal act on sudden deaths a forensic autopsy was performed including a thorough examination and biosampling. The results of the forensic autopsy displayed sever densified, almost airless, firm lungs, and an unspecific reactive minimal focal perivascular inflammation consisting of macrophages of the brain tissue. The final diagnosis, COVID-19 with involvement of the central nervous system was established by use of the RT-RNA analysis on cerebrospinal fluid, as well as by serologic detection of the specific antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. The genetic analysis displayed a 2 % variation between SARS-CoV-2 isolates recovered from the tracheal sample, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissues from both lungs.Conclusion: The combination of all available results revealed that the cause of death was COVID-19 with severe pulmonary disease and neuroinvasion, as well as renal affection resulting in hyponatremia. To our knowledge, it was not shown previously that neuroinvasion could be confirmed by the detection of specific antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 specific RNA in cerebrospinal fluid. This case supports hypotheses that SARS-CoV-2 may cause central nervous system infection. The genetic distinction between SARS-CoV-2 isolates was done by whole-genome sequencing, where the isolate recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid was the most different.

scholarly journals Pathogens Penetrating the Central Nervous System: Infection Pathways and the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Invasion

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Dando ◽  
Alan Mackay-Sim ◽  
Robert Norton ◽  
Bart J. Currie ◽  
James A. St. John ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Infection Pathways ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in CSF by ultrahigh depth sequencing in a patient with COVID-19 and neurological dysfunction: a case report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Xiang ◽  
Xinmin Xu ◽  
Xin Lu ◽  
Lili Gao ◽  
Huizhu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Neural Progenitor Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Human Neural Progenitor Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Background: SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), not only infects the respiratory tract, but also other organs. About a third of the inpatients of COVID-19 have neurological symptoms and in vitro experiments revealed that SARS-CoV-2 could infect human neural progenitor cells and brain organoids. However, the traditional test often reports negative owing to the low number of virus in the cerebrospinal fluid. To date, timely diagnosis of central nervous system infection of SARS-CoV-2 remains a challenge.Case presentation: On day 14 of COVID-19, seizures, maxillofacial convulsions, intractable hiccups and significant increase in intracranial pressure developed in a 56-year-old man. The RT-PCR of SARS-CoV-2 was negative. SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid were detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by ultrahigh depth sequencing. The patient was successfully treated after 14 days of mechanical ventilation and treatment of pneumonia and neurological dysfunction.Conclusions: This case suggests SARS-CoV-2 can invade the central nervous system and relevant examinations with CSF including ultrahigh depth sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 are needed among COVID-19 patients with neurological dysfunction.

scholarly journals Central nervous system infection: imaging findings suggestive of a fungus as the cause

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-203
Author(s):  
Lillian Gonçalves Campos ◽  
Thaylla Maybe Bedinot da Conceição ◽  
Marília Sfredo Krüger ◽  
Juliano Adams Perez ◽  
Juliana Ávila Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The City

Abstract Fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare. However, because of the increase in the number of immunocompromised individuals, they have been gaining prominence in the differential diagnosis of CNS infections. Imaging techniques are sensitive for detecting and localizing an abnormality, in many cases allowing the origin of a lesion to be categorized as infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, or vascular. This essay illustrates the magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography findings of the most common fungal infections of the CNS, based on the experience of the Radiology Department of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, in the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Virus-Specific CD8+-T-Cell Expansion and Trafficking following Central Nervous System Infection

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 2775-2778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman W. Marten ◽  
Stephen A. Stohlman ◽  
Jiehao Zhou ◽  
Cornelia C. Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cognate Antigen ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT CD8+ T cells control acute infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus but do not suffice to achieve sterile immunity. To determine the lag between T-cell priming and optimal activity within the CNS, the accumulation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the CNS relative to that in peripheral lymphoid organs was assessed by using gamma interferon-specific ELISPOT assays and class I tetramer staining. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells were first detected in the cervical lymph nodes. Expansion in the spleen was delayed and less pronounced but also preceded accumulation in the CNS. The data further suggest peripheral acquisition of cytolytic function, thus enhancing CD8+-T-cell effector function upon cognate antigen recognition in the CNS.

scholarly journals Postinfectious Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Associated With Antimyelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2329048X2094244
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Sato ◽  
Kazuo Okanari ◽  
Tomoki Maeda ◽  
Kimihiko Kaneko ◽  
Toshiyuki Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Simplex Virus

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is a major target of the humoral immune response in children affected by inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Although myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein causes autoimmune encephalitis in different animal models, the relevance of this mechanism in human autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system is unclear. We herein report a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis possibly triggered by central nervous system infection of primary herpes simplex virus in the presence of antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody. A healthy 5-year-old Japanese boy suffered from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. He was positive for antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody in both the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid, and herpes simplex virus-1 DNA on polymerase chain reaction of the cerebrospinal fluid. We speculated that the central nervous system infection of primary herpes simplex virus disrupted the blood–brain barrier, and antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody already present in serum was transferred to the cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in the onset of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. This might be the mechanism underlying postinfectious acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody.

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