scholarly journals Standard of Living, Well-Being and Community Development: The Case of Botswana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodreck Mupedziswa ◽  
Tumani Malinga ◽  
Poloko Nuggert Ntshwarang
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Living Well ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Government ◽  
Improve Standard ◽  
Over Time

There is considerable evidence in literature that suggests that the concept of standard of living has tended to be predicated on the notion of income alone. However, exploring this concept further, evidence suggests that the notion of standard of living goes beyond simply looking at income to include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), life expectancy, and economic opportunities available to individuals. This suggests that in a given country, when the above-mentioned ‘components’ are accessible to individuals, the expectation is that these will translate into realization of meaningful standards of living and wellbeing. This chapter seeks to explore how standard of living and well-being in Botswana have metamorphosed over time, from the pre-colonial period, through the early years of independence and the time of the discovery of diamonds, up to the present. Additionally, the article examines how community development initiatives across the country, have impacted standard of living and wellbeing of the population. The chapter concludes by suggesting strategies the government of Botswana could adopt in efforts to strengthen community development, with a view, ultimately, to further improve standard of living and wellbeing of the country’s population.

scholarly journals Non-Price Criteria for the Evaluation of the Tender Offers in Public Procurement of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Alexander Baranovsky ◽  
Nataliia Tkachenko ◽  
Vladimer Glonti ◽  
Valentyna Levchenko ◽  
Kateryna Bogatyrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Tender Offers ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

Traditionally, public procurement has been associated with the measurement of achieving savings. However, recent research shows that the economic impact of public procurement is not limited only to savings, but by measuring the impact of four capitals—natural, human, social, and economic—on sustainable well-being over time. Ukraine is a country with a very low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which exacerbates the problem of the impact of public procurement results on the population’s welfare. Ukrainian public procurement legislation allows customers to apply non-price criteria (the share of non-price criteria cannot be more than 70%), which, together, are taken into account in the formula of the quoted price. The studies show that the effect of the use of non-price criteria depends on the relevance of the method of the evaluation of non-price criteria. The most important non-price criteria for Ukrainian customers by product categories and the methods of their evaluation are analyzed according to the Bi.prozorro.org analytics module. Therefore, it is concluded that the quoted price method, which is used in Ukrainian practice, is not relevant in comparison with the method used in the EU. A survey of the government buyers on the practice of applying non-price criteria was conducted, and the areas of their use were identified.

scholarly journals Energy Poverty and Its Implication on Standard of Living in Kirinyaga, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine W. Njiru ◽  
Sammy C. Letema
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Rural County ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Cooking Fuels ◽  
Electricity Access

Energy poverty affects physical health, well-being, and ability to prosper. A large proportion of Kenyan population lack access to electricity because they are located far from the national grid where it is uneconomical to extend electricity. This paper assesses energy poverty situation in Kirinyaga and reviews its implication on standard of living. Kirinyaga is a rural county with the main economic activity being agriculture and a few agroprocessing factories. Most rural households in Kirinyaga rely on fuel wood to meet their basic energy requirements and lack access to electricity. Tea factories and educational institutions rely on fuel wood to minimize cost of electricity. Kirinyaga residents, therefore, experience energy poverty as indicated by low electricity access and reliance on traditional cooking fuels. Energy poverty in Kirinyaga has negative impact on indicators of standards of living, calorific intake, life expectancy, and literacy levels.

A World in Balance

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Westing
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The World ◽  
Health And Well Being

The attempt is made here to provide an approximation of the number of people that the world can support in the light of three constraints: (a) provision for a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of everyone, (b) consideration for wildlife and Nature, and (c) reliance on existing levels of technology and politics. In fact, two alternative standards of living are suggested, ‘affluent’ (based on the standard of the 27 richest nations in the world) and ‘austere’ (based on the standard of the 43 next most wealthy nations in the world).

scholarly journals The Standards of Living of Pensioners in the Murmansk Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Elena Anatolyevna Korchak ◽  
Tatyana Petrovna Skufyina
Keyword(s):  
Pension Reform ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Murmansk Region

Nowadays research on the development of concep-tual provisions governing the standard of living of pensioners is of particular importance. This actual-ization is due to an increase in the retirement age of the population, an increase in life expectancy, as well as a low level of material well-being of elderly citizens. The analysis of social challenges of the modern pension reform was the goal of this study, while the standard of living of pensioners in the Murmansk region is the subject of the study. A sta-tistical analysis of social phenomena and processes in the Murmansk region (demographic characteris-tics of the population, the situation in the sphere of employment and living standards of the population) was used as a methodological basis for the study. The main tendencies and trends in the field of de-mographic development, employment development, living standards and pensions in the Murmansk re-gion were identified in the course of the study. The conclusion of the study was the thesis that under the conditions of the new pension reform, a social challenge is the low standard of living of pension-ers, whose growth in the future will cause an expan-sion of the social localization of poverty.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE LABOUR TAX BURDEN ON THE LIVING STANDARD OF THE INHABITANTS OF LATVIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Anastasija Jersova ◽  
Inta Kotāne
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The standard of living of the inhabitants of Latvia, especially in the context of material well-being or disposable income, is a guarantee that the inhabitants will be able to meet their basic needs, which are important for ensuring an adequate standard of living. Inhabitants ensure their material well-being mainly by working and receiving a net salary, which is paid after the calculation and deduction of labour taxes. However, the state is essentially the same inhabitant, which has its own basic needs, the financing of which requires income, which is mainly obtained after the collection of certain taxes, which accordingly reduces material well-being or disposable income of the inhabitants which is an essential component of the standard of living.The goal of the research: to investigate the impact of the labour taxes on the standard of living of the inhabitants of Latvia. The research uses general scientific research methods: the method of monographic or descriptive research, the comparative analysis method, an expert   survey, data grouping, and the graphical method. Authors of the paper believe that employees employed in Latvia should be encouraged to use the possibilities of gross salary relief, thus promoting the growth of their net salary. In order to raise the living standards of the inhabitants in the short and long term, the government of Latvia and local governments must emphasize their attention to the growth of the national economy. The government of Latvia and local governments must implement measures aimed at raising the long-term living standards of the population and gaining material benefits in the future.

Predictors of peer victimization among Peruvian adolescents in the young lives cohort

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Lister ◽  
Ray M. Merrill ◽  
David Vance ◽  
Joshua H. West ◽  
P. Cougar Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Bully Victimization ◽  
Caregiver Education ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Young Lives

Abstract Background: Bully-victimization is a widespread public health issue with significant negative effects on both social function and psychological well-being. Existing research in Peru shows high prevalence of bullying. However, researchers have yet to fully understand the phenomenon of victimization in developing regions. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize victimization patterns over time, along with the predictors of victimization from a cohort of Peruvian adolescents enrolled in the young lives (YL) study. Materials and methods: This study examined data from YL, a longitudinal study of poverty, health, and development, which examined data from the older cohort of children in Peru across three rounds (ages 8, 12, and 15 years). The sample consisted of 714 children from 74 communities that represent 20 districts in Peru. Results: After adjusting for urban/rural setting, there remained a significantly lower wealth index for children who were bullied at ages 8 and 12 years. Exploratory analysis showed that although those in the lowest quartile of body mass index (BMI) were significantly more likely to be bullied at age 8 years, this association waned over time. A worse caregiver assessment of child’s health compared with others was associated with a significantly greater risk of bully-victimization. At age 8 years, caregiver education was significantly lower among those bullied compared with those who were not bullied. Conclusion: This study showed several factors as the predictors of victimization in the early years, including being male and having low BMI, low socioeconomic status, and low parental/caregiver education. Further longitudinal studies should be conducted to determine the extent to which these predictors vary in significance over time.

Community Development

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice K. Johnson Butterfield ◽  
Benson Chisanga
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Community Organizing ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Macro Practice ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Building Community ◽  
Recent Trends

Community development is a planned approach to improving the standard of living and well-being of disadvantaged populations in the United States and internationally. An overview of community development is provided. The objectives of community development include economic development and community empowerment, based on principles of community participation, self-help, integration, community organizing, and capacity building. Community building and asset-based approaches are recent trends and innovations. Community development is interdisciplinary, with models and methods derived from disciplines such as social work and urban planning. The entry examines linkages between community development and macro practice, including an increase in employment opportunities for social workers.

Standards of Living

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Brandolini ◽  
Giovanni Vecchi
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Material Standard Of Living ◽  
Economic Domain ◽  
Material Standard

The chapter describes the evolution of the Italians' well-being during the 150 years since the country's unification. The progress in material standard of living has been substantial, with GDP per capita growing thirteen times between 1861 and 2011 and hours of work (and hence effort) falling considerably, but roughly in line with that experienced by most other European countries. By relying on a novel database on household budgets, it is shown that economic growth has been accompanied by a long-run reduction of inequality that however appears to have been reversed in the last two decades. Progress has not been limited to the economic domain: educational attainment has improved considerably, although less than in other countries, and life expectancy has grown at a spectacular pace, allowing Italians to lead current international rankings.

Suma qamaña in Bolivia

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 216-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kepa Artaraz ◽  
Melania Calestani
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
National Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Living Well ◽  
The Government ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
Mother Earth

In recent decades there has been increasing interest in academic, governmental, and nongovernmental circles worldwide in developing universal definitions of well-being. Governments have progressively shifted their policies on this concept and are currently engaged in improving the well-being of their populations. Bolivia’s concept of suma qamaña (living well together) is broader than “well-being,” emphasizing the importance of harmonious relations between nature and human beings and providing an important link to sustainability that current conceptions of well-being fail to make. Exploring the concept is highly relevant at this historical moment because the Morales government is engaged in a wide-ranging process of social transformation to implement it. Its translation into public policy and the adoption of a development model consistent with it have proved problematic. While the introduction of the concept into the National Development Plan, the new constitution, and the Law of Mother Earth has addressed the need to move from individualized understandings of well-being to collective ones, the government has not overcome the conflict between growth-driven approaches and sustainability that is inherent in all its legislation. Moreover, understandings of the concept are constantly being negotiated and transformed, calling for an understanding of it that is rooted in people’s practices and beliefs rather than in theoretical constructions. En las últimas décadas ha habido un creciente interés en los círculos académicos, gubernamentales y no gubernamentales de todo el mundo en el desarrollo de las definiciones universales de bienestar. Los gobiernos han cambiado progresivamente sus políticas en este concepto y se dedican actualmente a la mejora del bienestar de sus poblaciones. Concepto de suma qamaña (vivir bien) de Bolivia es más amplio que el “bienestar,” enfatizando la importancia de las relaciones armoniosas entre la naturaleza y los seres humanos y proporcionando un vínculo importante con la sostenibilidad que las concepciones actuales de bienestar no pueden hacer. Explorar el concepto es muy relevante en este momento histórico, porque el gobierno de Morales está involucrado en un amplio proceso de transformación social para implementarla. Su traslación en las políticas públicas y la adopción de un modelo de desarrollo coherente con ella han demostrado ser problemático. Si bien la introducción de este concepto en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, la nueva Constitución, y la Ley de la Madre Tierra ha abordado la necesidad de pasar de entendimientos individuales de bienestar a los colectivos, el gobierno no ha superado el conflicto entre los enfoques impulsados por crecimiento y la sostenibilidad que es inherente a toda su legislación. Por otra parte, las comprensiones del concepto están siendo constantemente negociados y transformados, reclamando una comprensión que está enraizada en las prácticas y creencias de las personas y no en las construcciones teóricas.

The Standard of Living of the Russian Population in the 18th – early 20th Centuries by Anthropometric Data

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Political ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
Population Center

AbstractLiving standards in Russia of 1701-1795 had negative dynamics. It was explained mainly by the increase of the real burden of taxation and duties in connection with wars, reforms and intensive colonization. Living standards in Russia of 1796-1914 had positive dynamics. It was explained by (1) the increase of the basic food stuffs per capita, (2) the growth of income of peasantry per capita, (3) the reduction of real burden of taxation, (4) the increase of the grain prices, (5) the positive economic result of displacement of the population center on the South, (6) the economic policy of the government. There was a decrease in the well-being of the population during the radical reforms. However, after a while, the reforms salutarily affected the living standard. The wars and the revolutions negatively influenced the well-being. Three Russian revolutions of the beginning of 20th century have been caused by the political reasons in the greater degree, than economic ones, and also the brilliant PR-activity of opponents of a monarchy.

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