scholarly journals Regulation of Apoptosis during Environmental Skin Tumor Initiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Bin Hafeez ◽  
Eunmi Park ◽  
Kyung-Soo Chun ◽  
Yong-Yeon Cho ◽  
Dae Joon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Tumor Initiation ◽  
Environmental Carcinogens ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
The Impact

Skin cancer is more prevalent than any other cancer in the United States. Non-melanoma skin cancers are the more common forms of skin cancer that affect individuals. The development of squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common type of skin cancer, can be stimulated by exposure of environmental carcinogens, such as chemical toxicants or UVB. It is developed by three distinct stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. During the initiation, the fate of DNA-damaged skin cells is determined by the homeostatic regulation of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. The imbalance or disruption of either signaling will lead to the survival of initiated cells, resulting in the development of skin cancer. In this chapter, we will discuss signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis and the impact of their dysfunction during skin tumor initiation.

Opposing Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in Skin Cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanisa Kiatsurayanon ◽  
Ge Peng ◽  
François Niyonsaba
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
The Impact

: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides, are ubiquitous naturally occurring molecules secreted by various cell types of the body. In the skin, AMPs serve as a first-line innate immune defense against exogenous microorganisms, and they orchestrate adaptive immune responses to exert several immunomodulatory functions. Emerging evidence indicates that AMPs not only contribute to certain inflammatory skin diseases but also play a role in skin tumor carcinogenesis. Available data support the hypothesis that AMPs possess both pro-tumor and anti-neoplastic properties. Although inconsistent observations reported by multiple studies make it challenging to summarize the precise roles of AMPs in cancer, the differential expression of AMPs in skin cancers, such as the increased expression of human beta-defensins in squamous cell carcinoma and the ability of cathelicidin LL-37 to induce malignant melanoma cell invasion, implies they have procancer activities. On the other hand, the observation that certain AMPs show cytotoxic activity against cancer cells of the colon and kidney suggests their inherent antitumor properties. In this review, we describe the roles and mechanisms of AMPs in skin cancer development. We believe that further research is needed to elucidate the impact of these AMPs in skin cancer biology and to explore their potential roles as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and as novel therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Nonmelanoma Facial Skin Cancer: A Review of Diagnostic Strategies, Surgical Treatment, and Reconstructive Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117955061986527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ido Badash ◽  
Orr Shauly ◽  
Christopher G Lui ◽  
Daniel J Gould ◽  
Ketan M Patel
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
The Face ◽  
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers ◽  
Frequent Exposure ◽  
Reconstructive Techniques

Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States, and the face is a common area for skin cancer development due to its frequent exposure to the sun. This article focuses on the surgical management of facial nonmelanoma skin cancers, including diagnostic considerations, biopsy techniques, and staging. In addition, we discuss surgical treatment options, including indications, techniques, outcomes, and facial reconstruction following tumor excision.

scholarly journals Use of Tanning Beds and Incidence of Skin Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (14) ◽  
pp. 1588-1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingfeng Zhang ◽  
Abrar A. Qureshi ◽  
Alan C. Geller ◽  
Lindsay Frazier ◽  
David J. Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Tanning Beds ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Tanning Bed

PurposeWe sought to evaluate the risk effect of tanning bed use on skin cancers among teenage and young adults. We also expected to determine whether a dose-response relationship was evident.Patients and MethodsWe observed 73,494 female nurses for 20 years (from 1989 to 2009) in a large and well-characterized cohort in the United States and investigated whether frequency of tanning bed use during high school/college and at ages 25 to 35 years were associated with a risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. We used Cox proportional hazards models and carefully adjusted for host risk factors, ultraviolet index of residence, and sun exposure behaviors at a young age.ResultsDuring follow-up, 5,506 nurses were diagnosed with BCC, 403 with SCC, and 349 with melanoma. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of skin cancer for an incremental increase in use of tanning beds of four times per year during both periods was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.19; P < .001) for BCC, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.31; P = .03) for SCC, and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.27; P = .13) for melanoma. Compared with tanning bed use at ages 25 to 35 years, we found a significantly higher risk of BCC for use during high school/college (multivariable-adjusted HR for use more than six times per year compared with no use was 1.73 during high school/college v 1.28 at ages 25 to 35 years; P for heterogeneity < .001).ConclusionOur data provide evidence for a dose-response relationship between tanning bed use and the risk of skin cancers, especially BCC, and the association is stronger for patients with a younger age at exposure.

scholarly journals A Hybrid High Performance Intelligent Computing Approach of CACNN and RNN for Skin Cancer Image Grading

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manimurugan S
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
Intelligent Computing ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
Histological Images ◽  
Computational Pathology

Abstract Skin cancer is characterized as the uncontrollable growth of skin cells caused by unrepairable DNA damage. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancers caused by melanocyte and early diagnosis supports therapists in curing it. Computational pathology offers a one-of-a-kind ability to spatially dissect certain interfaces on digitized histology images. A hybrid context-aware convolutional neural networks with recurrent neural network (CA-CNN-RNN) based on skin cancer histological images is proposed in this research. The proposed model encodes a histology image's local representation into higher-dimensional features first, then aggregated the feature by consider their spatial arrangement to enable the final predictions. In this research, H&E-stained sectioned images from the Cancer Genome Atlas are used as the dataset for assessment. From 58 images, 37 images were used for training and 21 images are used for testing. The process on histology images of melanoma skin cancer was analyzed and validated with various classifiers such as VGG-19, Inception, ResNet50, and DarkNet-53 using the hybrid CA-CNN-RNN model. The dataset is used to generate the results, which are then analyzed based on criteria such as accuracy, recall, precision, and F-score. The performance analysis shows that the proposed CA-CNN-RNN with different classifiers has performed better and among the classifiers the DarkNet-53 model has the better performance in all the parameters.

Protecting the Consumer From Getting Burned: the FDA, the Administrative Process, and the Tentative Final Monograph on Over-the-Counter Sunscreens

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-335
Author(s):  
Patrick R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Administrative Process ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
United States Food ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
States Food ◽  
Regulatory Scrutiny

As consumers have become enlightened to the dangers of the sun, they have turned increasingly to sunscreens to stave off not only a sunburn but also life-threatening skin cancer. In the last decade, the incidence of skin cancer has grown a startling 500%. The increase in the number of skin cancers in adults is most likely the result of exposure to the sun as a child. Therefore, the current and continued rise in the number of skin cancers in adults is not remediable. However, as adult consumers seek to prevent further damage to their skin and protect their children from the same fate, the market for sunscreens has grown and is estimated to be worth between $170 and $650 million dollars. The increased demand for sunscreens, combined with the incorporation of sunprotection ingredients into everyday products such as makeup and skin lotions, has led the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to subject sunscreens to increased regulatory scrutiny.

A Sun Awareness Pilot Project in Texas

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Franklin ◽  
Claudia Coggin ◽  
Kristine Lykens ◽  
Douglas Mains
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Cancer Council ◽  
Anti Cancer

Skin cancer, the most common cancer in the United States today, is the most preventable. Sun overexposure results in approximately 90% of all skin cancer. Americans' lifetime risk of developing skin cancer is one-in-six. The purpose of this pilot project was to increase the level of sun protection knowledge and awareness in parents at their baby's 6-month immunization visit. This nonrandomized pretest, intervention, posttest study was modeled after Australia's Anti-Cancer Council “Slip! Slop! Slap!” campaign. Self-reported baseline data about parental sun protective measures for parents and their children were obtained from five pediatric clinics in Texas. Demographics, skin type, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about the sun and sun protection were investigated. Overall, parental sun protective knowledge and awareness increased; however, parents protected themselves more on average than they did their children. These findings should be a useful guide for future health education on prevention of skin cancers.

Skin Cancer Screening

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Hay ◽  
Stephanie N. Christian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Task Force ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skin Cancer Screening ◽  
Skin Cancers

Skin cancers are exceedingly common malignancies in the United States and include keratinocyte cancers, which have low mortality rates but are costly to treat, and melanomas, which can be deadly if diagnosed at later stages. Skin cancer screening for the general population has not received recommendation by the United States Preventive Services Task Force, given the paucity of clinical trial data documenting utility, yet there are sound arguments for the utility of risk-based screening, based on increased skin cancer risk. Such risk factors include skin type, high mole number, genetic susceptibility, and family or personal history of skin cancers. Screening can involve an inspection of the entire skin surface performed by a dermatologist or other health care provider, or self-screening, whereby individuals conduct an examination of their skin surface at home, which can be facilitated through the use of a mirror, as well as a family member or friend to facilitate skin inspection. Rates of physician screening as well as skin self-examination are low in the United States. This chapter reviews the current evidence and recommendations for skin cancer screening in the United States. It also reviews the current rates of screening, both overall and in higher-risk subgroups. The chapter discusses the recent evidence for the use of interventions to enhance skin cancer screening. It also presents some innovative use of new technology to increase skin cancer screening as well as future directions for this research.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Skin Cancer (Benign vs. Malignant) Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Mohammed Rakeibul Hasan ◽  
Mohammed Ishraaf Fatemi ◽  
Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan ◽  
Manjit Kaur ◽  
Atef Zaguia
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Malignant Skin ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Cancer Spread

We live in a world where people are suffering from many diseases. Cancer is the most threatening of them all. Among all the variants of cancer, skin cancer is spreading rapidly. It happens because of the abnormal growth of skin cells. The increase in ultraviolet radiation on the Earth’s surface is also helping skin cancer spread in every corner of the world. Benign and malignant types are the most common skin cancers people suffer from. People go through expensive and time-consuming treatments to cure skin cancer but yet fail to lower the mortality rate. To reduce the mortality rate, early detection of skin cancer in its incipient phase is helpful. In today’s world, deep learning is being used to detect diseases. The convolutional neural network (CNN) helps to find skin cancer through image classification more accurately. This research contains information about many CNN models and a comparison of their working processes for finding the best results. Pretrained models like VGG16, Support Vector Machine (SVM), ResNet50, and self-built models (sequential) are used to analyze the process of CNN models. These models work differently as there are variations in their layer numbers. Depending on their layers and work processes, some models work better than others. An image dataset of benign and malignant data has been taken from Kaggle. In this dataset, there are 6594 images of benign and malignant skin cancer. Using different approaches, we have gained accurate results for VGG16 (93.18%), SVM (83.48%), ResNet50 (84.39%), Sequential_Model_1 (74.24%), Sequential_Model_2 (77.00%), and Sequential_Model_3 (84.09%). This research compares these outcomes based on the model’s work process. Our comparison includes model layer numbers, working process, and precision. The VGG16 model has given us the highest accuracy of 93.18%.

scholarly journals Klasifikasi Citra Pigmen Kanker Kulit Menggunakan Convolutional Neural Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-385
Author(s):  
Luqman Hakim ◽  
Zamah Sari ◽  
Handhajani Handhajani
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
United States ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skin Imaging ◽  
Test And Evaluation ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Fully Connected

Skin cancer is a very common form of cancer that can be found in the United States with annual treatment costs exceeding $ 8 billion. New innovations in the classification and detection of skin cancer using artificial neural networks continue to develop to help the medical and medical world in analyzing images accurately and accurately. Researchers propose to classify skin cancer pigments by focusing on two classes, namely non-melanocytic malignant and benign, where the skin cancer category which is classified into the non-melanocytic class is Actinic keratoses, Basal cell carcinoma. While skin cancers that are classified into Benign are Benign keratosis like lesions, dermatofibrama, vascular lessions. The method used in this study is Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a model architecture using 8 Convolutional 2D layers which have filters (16, 16, 32, 32, 64, 64, 128, 128). The first input layers are (20,20). and the following layers (5,5 and 3,3), the types of pooling used in this study are MaxPooling and AveragePooling. The Fully Connected Layer used is (256, 128) and uses a Dropout (0.2). The dataset is obtained from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) 2018 with a total of 10015 images. Based on the results of the test and evaluation reports, an accuracy of 75% is obtained. with the highest precision and recall values ​​found in the Benign class, namely 0.80 and 0.82 respectively and the f1_score value of 0.81.  

scholarly journals Botanical Agents for the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian W. Millsop ◽  
Raja K. Sivamani ◽  
Nasim Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
United States Standard ◽  
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers

Nonmelanoma skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are common neoplasms worldwide and are the most common cancers in the United States. Standard therapy for cutaneous neoplasms typically involves surgical removal. However, there is increasing interest in the use of topical alternatives for the prevention and treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer, particularly superficial variants. Botanicals are compounds derived from herbs, spices, stems, roots, and other substances of plant origin and may be used in the form of dried or fresh plants, extracted plant material, or specific plant-derived chemicals. They possess multiple properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties and are, therefore, believed to be possible chemopreventive agents or substances that may suppress or reverse the process of carcinogenesis. Here, we provide a review of botanical agents studied for the treatment and prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document