scholarly journals The Effects of Heat Stress on Production, Reproduction, Health in Chicken and Its Dietary Amelioration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew Gitau Gicheha
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Genetic Potential

Farm profitability is the key driver of most livestock enterprises. The productivity and profitability are driven by genetic potential of the animals and the ability to express the superiority in the production environment. In an ideal situation, an animal should produce maximally as dictated by the genetic potential. It is noteworthy that the environment in which an animal lives in impacts on its ability to expose its genetic potential. Studies have shown that it is rarely feasible to provide animals with ideal conditions to express their full genetic potential. The environment in which animals are reared is characterised by many factors that interact in ways that result in different performance even in animals of similar genetic makeup. For instance, thermal environment is critical in poultry production as it affects both the production and reproduction in different ways. The thermal environment affects chicken differently depending on the stage of growth or production phase. This environment has been impacted by the climate change and subsequent increase in climatic variability resulting in thermal challenges in naturally produced chicken thus altering production and reproduction. This implies that there is need to consider thermal resource in the routine poultry management practices. This would result to design of poultry production systems responsive to the thermal environments more so in the light of climate change and the subsequent increase in climatic variability. This chapter explores the impact of heat stress on chicken production, reproduction, health and its dietary amelioration.

Study on Thermal Environment of Traditional Architecture in Tropic Climate

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 6857-6861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Juan Wang ◽  
Jia Ping Liu ◽  
Yan Feng Liu ◽  
Ying Ying Wang ◽  
Jing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Heat Stress Index

Haikou is located in tropic climates in China. The outdoor environment in summer is too harsh to stay here. However, the traditional architecture, namely arcade, still survives in the severe climate. Its indoor and outdoor parameters of arcade are tested in field to research its thermal environments. The heat stress index is used to study the adaptability mechanism of arcade and local human to hot and humid environment. It proves that the metabolic rate and wind velocity are main and adjustable factors to reduce heat stress in such wretched weather. On the condition of metabolic rate below 60met and wind speed above 0.7m/s, the healthy adult can work normally in the arcade or on the corridor. So the human in tropic area should keep their metabolic rate and period staying out in the summer daytime as less as possible, and the architects should make full use of the local wind speed to organize natural ventilation.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Thermal Comfort in Top Tourist Destinations—The Case of Santorini (Greece)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9107
Author(s):  
George Katavoutas ◽  
Dimitra Founda ◽  
Gianna Kitsara ◽  
Christos Giannakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
Mitigation Scenario ◽  
Future Projections ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mediterranean

The Mediterranean area is one of the most visited tourist destinations of the world, but it has also been recognized as one of the most vulnerable to climate change areas worldwide with respect to increased thermal risk. The study focuses on a top worldwide tourist destination of the Mediterranean, Santorini Island in Greece, and aims to assess the past, present and future thermal environment in the island based on the advanced Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The study utilizes historical observations capturing past (late 19th to early 20th century) and more recent (1982–2019) time periods, while future projections are realized based on four regional climate models (RCMs) under the weak mitigation scenario (RCP4.5) and the non-mitigation scenario with high emissions (RCP8.5). The frequency of cold stress conditions at midday decreases during winter and early spring months by up to 19.8% (January) in the recent period compared to the historical one, while heat stress conditions increase in summer by up to 22.4% (August). Future projections suggest progressive shifts of the UTCI towards higher values in the future and an increase in the exposure time under heat stress depending on the RCM and adopted scenario. The increase in moderate and strong heat stress conditions is mainly expected during the summer months (June, July, August); nevertheless, a noticeable increase is also foreseen in September and May. The highest occurrences of favorable (no thermal stress) conditions are also projected to shift by one month, from June to May and from September to October, in the future.

scholarly journals Risk Reduction and Productivity Increase Through Integrating Arachis pintoi in Cattle Production Systems in the Colombian Orinoquía

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Johanna Enciso Valencia ◽  
Álvaro Rincón Castillo ◽  
Daniel Alejandro Ruden ◽  
Stefan Burkart
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Arachis Pintoi ◽  
The Impact

In many parts of the foothills of the Orinoquía region of Colombia, cattle production takes place on poorly drained soils. The region is dominated by extensive grazing systems of Brachiaira humidicola cv. Humidicola, a grass with high adaptation potential under temporal waterlogging conditions. Inadequate management practices and low soil fertility result in degradation, however, with important negative effects on pasture productivity and the quality and provision of (soil) ecosystem services–a situation that is likely to worsen in the near future due to climate change. Against this background, AGROSAVIA (Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria) selected Arachis pintoi CIAT 22160 cv. Centauro (Centauro) as a promising alternative for the sustainable intensification of livestock production and rehabilitation of degraded areas. This study assesses dual-purpose milk production in the foothills of the Colombian Orinoquía from an economic perspective. We compare two production systems: the Centauro–Brachiaira humidicola cv. Humidicola association (new system) and Brachiaira humidicola cv. Humidicola as a monoculture (traditional system). We used cashflow and risk assessment models to estimate economic indicators. The projections for economic returns consider changes in forage characteristics under regional climate change scenarios RCP (2.6, 8.5). The LIFE-SIM model was used to simulate dairy production. Results show that the inclusion of Centauro has the potential to increase animal productivity and profitability under different market scenarios. The impact of climatic variables on forage production is considerable in both climate change scenarios. Both total area and potential distribution of Centauro could change, and biomass production could decline. Brachiaira humidicola cv. Humidicola showed better persistence due to higher nitrogen levels in soil when grown in association with Centauro. The legume also provides a number of ecosystem services, such as improving soil structure and composition, and also contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This helps to improve the adaptation and mitigation capacity of the system.

scholarly journals 75 Historical view of stocker health and performance of Southeast origin cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Jeffery A Carroll ◽  
Paul R Broadway ◽  
Nicole Burdick-Sanchez ◽  
Wade Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Beta Agonists ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Cow Calf

Abstract Anecdotal evidence suggests that weaning/stocker weights, ADG, and carcass weights have increased for Southeast cattle over the last 30 years. Simultaneously, morbidity and mortality have not improved, and according to some reports, have significantly increased. Albeit, over the last 30 years, there have been several new vaccines and antibiotics introduced into the beef cattle market. Ceteris paribus, there appears to be a discrepancy related to prevailing theories that placing heavier cattle into stocker and feedlot operations reduces the incidence of morbidity and mortality. But, has there truly been an increase in weaning weights or placement weights of stocker/feedlot calves over the last 30 years? Perhaps, even with greater genetic selection by cow/calf producers for improved weaning weights and pre-weaning ADG, the genetic potential of these animals is not being realized until the stocker/feedlot sector. Indeed, Engler et al. (2014) reported that hot carcass weight (HCW) increased 4.9 lbs per year from 2001 to 2013 while others have reported no actual increase in weaning weights during this period. Undoubtedly HCW have increased, but the contributing factors are multifaceted including genetic selection for increased lean deposition, better nutritional programs, and the expanded variety of growth promoting implants, ionophores, and beta agonists. Likewise, morbidity and mortality are multifaceted manifestations affected by a variety of inputs including genetics, nutrition, environmental stressors, immunocompetence, and the prevalence and genetic diversity of pathogens. Therefore, while genetic selection for increased pre-weaning performance may be more prevalent, cow/calf producers may not be reaping the full potential of their calves due to management practices that do not capitalize on the genetic potential of the pre-weaned calf. Placing more emphasis on genetic selection for pre-weaning growth may have inadvertently resulted in calves that are less resistant to the stresses and strains associated with post-weaning production systems.

Assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus loads present in environments impacted by alternative poultry processing operations utilized in pasture-raised poultry production

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corliss A. O'Bryan ◽  
Philip Crandall ◽  
Divya Jaroni ◽  
Steven C. Ricke ◽  
Kristen E. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Poultry Processing ◽  
On Farm

AbstractPasture-raised poultry (PP) production systems allow chickens, turkeys or other poultry types to be raised entirely on pasture or in small, open-air moveable pens with access to fresh pasture daily. With an increase in consumer demand for poultry products produced using more humane and potentially environmentally sustainable practices, PP production systems are regaining popularity among farmers across the USA. The majority of research on PP is related to meat quality and forage conditions while the environmental effects have remained largely unstudied. The rotation of poultry on pasture is one of the primary best management practices (BMP) used to avoid over grazing and buildup of excess nutrients and pathogens; however, BMPs for handling and processing of the associated wastes (i.e., wastewater, feathers, offal) related to on-farm processing and mobile poultry processing units (MPPU) are not as well established. Therefore, a study with PP growers in the southern USA was initiated to provide important baseline information on the potential environmental impacts of processing methods used by PP production systems. Here, three farms utilizing on-farm processing were sampled over a 9-month period and two farms utilizing a MPPU pilot plant were sampled over a 3-month period. Soil, compost and wastewater samples were collected during each sampling date for on-farm processing while only wastewater was collected at the MPPU pilot plant. Soil samples (24-cm cores) were analyzed for total nitrogen (TN), Mehlich-3 extractable phosphorus (M3-P) and moisture content. Compost derived from processing wastes was analyzed for TN, total phosphorus (TP), water extractable P and moisture content. Wastewaters were analyzed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and TP. Soil TN levels (0.075–0.30%) reported here are comparable with TN levels reported for various soils in the Southeastern USA while M3-P was generally below levels found in agricultural soils subject to conventional poultry litter application based on previously published data. Conversely, TN and TP levels—0.3 to 1.3 and <0.4%, respectively—in compost were well below recommended values (i.e., approximately 2% each of N and P) for compost highlighting an opportunity for PP growers to create a more useful compost for land application. Last, wastewater collected from both, on-farm processing and the MPPU measure TKN and TP levels were much less than conventional processing. Overall, the present study provided baseline data on soil and compost nutrients related to on-farm poultry processing as well as wastewater composition for on-farm processing and MPPUs.

scholarly journals Climate Change, Rangelands, and Sustainability of Ranching in the Western United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry L. Holechek ◽  
Hatim M. E. Geli ◽  
Andres F. Cibils ◽  
Mohammed N. Sawalhah
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Rangeland Management ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Rangeland Policy

Accelerated climate change is a global challenge that is increasingly putting pressure on the sustainability of livestock production systems that heavily depend on rangeland ecosystems. Rangeland management practices have low potential to sequester greenhouse gases. However, mismanagement of rangelands and their conversion into ex-urban, urban, and industrial landscapes can significantly exacerbate the climate change process. Under conditions of more droughts, heat waves, and other extreme weather events, management of risks (climate, biological, financial, political) will probably be more important to the sustainability of ranching than capability to expand output of livestock products in response to rising demand due to population growth. Replacing traditional domestic livestock with a combination of highly adapted livestock and game animals valued for both hunting and meat may be the best strategy on many arid rangelands. Eventually, traditional ranching could become financially unsound across large areas if climate change is not adequately addressed. Rangeland policy, management, and research will need to be heavily focused on the climate change problem.

AGRO-ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ASSESSMENT OF SILVOPASTORAL EXPERIENCES IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO: TOWARDS A METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELENI MARINIDOU ◽  
GUILLERMO JIMÉNEZ-FERRER ◽  
LORENA SOTO-PINTO ◽  
BRUCE G. FERGUSON ◽  
ANTONIO SALDÍVAR-MORENO
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Landscape Connectivity ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Critical Traffic ◽  
Livestock Systems

SUMMARYIn response to the current needs of humanity with regard to food production, environmental disasters and climate change, it is important to define (livestock) production systems and management practices that are both productive and ecologically sustainable. We qualitatively assessed advanced silvopastoral experiences in five ecologically and culturally distinct regions in Chiapas, Mexico, given their ability to provide key services: internal (productivity and productive resiliency) and external (climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation). We propose 20 indicators that reflect management, resources, use of external inputs, availability of food, commercial products and animal feed and trees in grazing and forest areas. Sets of some indicators form criteria for dependence on external inputs, productive diversification with emphasis on food security, soil conservation, tree cover and landscape connectivity, among others. Indicators and thresholds were adjusted to critical (traffic light) levels, based on field data. Comparing the levels reached by the studied experiences, we found that most of the resulting services go hand in hand; so ‘win–win’ situations are possible to be achieved. The elements and practices that affect both internal and external services were explored. The red light critical points in each production unit were identified so that they could be attended. Experiences that presented higher levels in assessment criteria could serve as examples to enable the improvement of livestock systems under similar conditions. We propose this assessment as a tool for rapid intervention that can be widely applied to livestock systems, from conventional to organic or diversified, because of the criteria used. However, it can be more flexible, as new criteria can be added and thresholds can be adjusted for other types of production systems, always reflecting local and desired conditions. The proposed indicators can be also used as a basis for a quantitative agroecosystem assessment.

scholarly journals Climate change and its impact on livestock: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
A. A. Saka ◽  
O. O. Awodola-Peters ◽  
T. A. Olaniyi ◽  
O. Y. Adedeji ◽  
M. O. Bolarinwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Changement Climatique ◽  
Stress Thermique ◽  
The Impact

As the demand for livestock products is on the increase due to improved standard of living, the fear of its negative effect of climate is also on the increase. The impact of climate change on livestock production was reviewed in this study. Livestock through contributes to the emissions which in turn has negative impact on livestock production. Humans, animals and mixed farming, produce emissions which contribute so much to the change in climate. Heat stress associated with climate change has an enormous effect on poultry production as it affects chicken growth and productivity as poultry meat and eggs play an important food security role across Africa and world at large. Understanding how farmers deal with the realities of poultry production due to climate change is critical. In pig production the influence of climate change may differ slightly depending on the breed types and locality but common problems are lack of water, pests and diseases, death of the animal at extreme heat stress and possible alteration in grazing behavior which will lead ultimately to decrease in feed intake and feed digestibility and efficiency of feed utilization which can be seen in terms of growth, pork yield and milk production. Ruminants which are the primary producers of methane (CH4) has many factors influencing these emissions such as level of feed intake, type of carbohydrate in the diet and feed processing. Manipulation of these factors can reduce methane emissions from cattle.     La demande de produits de bétail étant en agrandissement en raison de l'amélioration du niveau de vie, la crainte de son effet négatif sur le climat est également en augmentation. L'impact du changement climatique sur la production animale a été examiné dans cette étude. L'élevage contribue aux émissions qui à leur tour ont un impact négatif sur la production animale. Les humains, les animaux et l'agriculture mixte, produisent des émissions qui contribuent beaucoup au changement climatique. Le stress thermique associé au changement climatique a un effet énorme sur la production de volaille car il affecte la croissance et la productivité des poulets, car la viande et les œufs de volaille jouent un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique et dans le monde en général. Il est essentiel de comprendre comment les agriculteurs gèrent les réalités de la production de volaille en raison du changement climatique. Dans la production porcine, l'influence du changement climatique peut différer légèrement selon le type de race et la localité, mais les problèmes courants sont le manque d'eau, les ravageurs et les maladies, la mort de l'animal en cas de stress thermique extrême et une éventuelle modification du comportement de pâturage qui entraînera finalement une diminution dans l'ingestion et la digestibilité des aliments et l'efficacité de l'utilisation des aliments qui peuvent être vus en termes de croissance, de rendement de porc et de production de lait. Les ruminants qui sont les principaux producteurs de méthane (CH4) ont de nombreux facteurs influençant ces émissions tels que le niveau de consommation alimentaire, le type de glucides dans l'alimentation et la transformation des aliments. La manipulation de ces facteurs peut réduire les émissions de méthane des bovins.

scholarly journals Nigerian Fulani ecotype chickens - II – Estimation of growth curve parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
A. R. Sanusi ◽  
S. O. Oseni
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Growth Functions ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Best Fit

In the study, growth curves of Nigerian Fulani ecotype chickens (NFEC) were modelled  under two production systems with four non-linear growth functions with a view to  establishing growth descriptors for NFEC. Two hundred, day-old chicks of NFEC were  obtained from an established population of NFEC. The chickens were separated randomly to  intensive and pastured poultry production systems at 12 weeks of age. Data on body weight  were taken weekly over a period of 20 weeks. Four non-linear growth functions including  Gompertz, Logistic, Bertalanffy and Richard's models were fitted using the NLIN procedure  of SAS while the best fit model was selected using the goodness-of-fit tests. For all the models, parameter (A), the asymptotic weight, ranged between 1800g and 2417g for male  and 1208g and 1550g for female chickens respectively. Parameter (B), the scaling parameter  ranged from 0.77 and 19.79. Parameter K, which is the maturity index, ranged between 0.16 and 3.97 for both sexes. The R values ranged between 0.9689 and 0.9987 for all the models  fitted. Gompertz and Bertalanffy models emerged as the best fit functions. Age and body  weight at inflection of NFEC were also predicted by the study. Growth curve parameters of  NFEC in the pastured poultry system were not significantly different from those in the  intensive system. The growth curve parameters estimated indicates that NFEC growth  performance can be improved through effective breeding strategies and improved  management practices.

scholarly journals The Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Egyptian Livestock Production

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3127
Author(s):  
Amira A. Goma ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
The Impact

Egypt is one of the hottest countries in the world, and extreme climate events are becoming more frequent, which is consistent with the warming of the planet. The impact of this warming on ecosystems is severe, including on livestock production systems. Under Egyptian conditions, livestock already suffer heat stress periods in summer. The predicted increases in temperature as result of climate change will affect livestock production by reducing growth and milk production because of appetite suppression and conception rate reductions and will increase animal welfare concerns. In severe cases, these effects can result in death. We review the heat stress effects on livestock behaviour, reproduction, and production in the context of predicted climate change for Egypt over the course of this century and offer alternative scenarios to achieve food security for a growing human population. As an example, we combine predictions for reduced milk production during heat stress and human population trajectories to predict that milk availability per person will decline from 61 kg/year in 2011 to 26 kg/year in 2064. Mitigation strategies are discussed and include the substitution of animal-based foods for plant-based foods and laboratory-grown animal products.

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