scholarly journals Brassica-Aphid Interaction: Modulated Challenges and Sustainable Approach for Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Dwivedi ◽  
Lelika Nameirakpam ◽  
Ajay Tomer
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Aphid Resistance ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Mustard Crop ◽  
Main Barrier

Insect pests act as main barrier in enhancing yield potential of Brassica crops. Lipaphis erysimi is considered as one of the most destructive insect species in mustard production due to its voracious type feeding and multiplication. Therefore application of insecticide is inevitable for cultivation of cruciferous crops, although systemic insecticides has been found to be suitable for management of aphid, despite of high cost, residual effect and ecological ramification have necessitated the application of bio and botanical insecticides as novel approach and are recorded significant in research. Aphids having exclusively viviparous parthenogenesis type reproduction from January to March month with the completion of eight generations are helpful in quick mass multiplication. Natural enemies Coccinella spp., Syrphid larvae and bio-pesticide found effective in suppress aphid numbers. Manipulation in sowing dates of mustard crop provides good yield and less incidence of aphid which is proved through research. Lack of environmental resistant varieties has dispensed toward non feasibility of conventional breeding approaches for developing aphid-resistant Brassica. Although application of genetic engineering plan has resulted in moderate success in development of aphid resistance, so far commercialization of such genetically modified crops has not conceivable, intimate the necessity of further insights in to host plant and aphid communication to form effective approach against aphid resistance. Therefore in this chapter the components involved in Brassica aphid communication are highlighted and present statuses and problem in aphid management are discussed.

Genetically Modified Crops For Insect Pests And Disease Resistance

2017 ◽  
pp. 307-330
Author(s):  
Tushar Ranjan ◽  
Sangita Sahni ◽  
Bishun Deo Prasad ◽  
Vijay Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops

scholarly journals Genetically Modified Potato for Pest Resistance: Thrift or Threat?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Raspor ◽  
Aleksandar Cingel
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Bt Toxin ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Cost

Significant limitations in potato production are crop loss due to the damage made by insect pests, and the cost of enormous amount of chemicals, harmful to humans and environment, extensively used in their control. As an alternative, development of genetically modified potato offered possibility for pest management in a more sustainable, environmentally friendly way. Over the past 30 years introduction of pest resistance traits progressed from a single gene to multiple stacked events and from Bt-toxin expression to expression of proteins from non-Bt sources, dsRNA and their combination, while advances in molecular biology have brought “cleaner” gene manipulation technologies. However, together with benefits any new technology also bears its risks, and there are still a range of unanswered questions and concerns about long-term impact of genetically modified crops – that with knowledge and precautionary approaches can be avoided or mitigated. Sustainability of genetically modified crops for pest control largely depends on the willingness to gain and implement such knowledge.

scholarly journals A Genoproteomic Approach to Detect Peptide Markers of Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1398-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honghui Wang ◽  
Steven K Drake ◽  
Chen Yong ◽  
Marjan Gucek ◽  
Matthew A Lyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Direct Identification ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Lowest Common Ancestor

Abstract BACKGROUND Rapid identification of respiratory pathogens may facilitate targeted antimicrobial therapy. Direct identification of bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is confounded by interfering substances. We describe a method to identify unique peptide markers of 5 gram-negative bacteria by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for direct pathogen identification in BAL. METHODS In silico translation and digestion were performed on 14–25 whole genomes representing strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Peptides constituting theoretical core peptidomes in each were identified. Rapid tryptic digestion was performed; peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and compared with the theoretical core peptidomes. High-confidence core peptides (false discovery rate <1%) were identified and analyzed with the lowest common ancestor search to yield potential species-specific peptide markers. The species specificity of each peptide was verified with protein BLAST. Further, 1 or 2 pathogens were serially diluted into pooled inflamed BAL, and a targeted LC-MS/MS assay was used to detect 25 peptides simultaneously. RESULTS Five unique peptides with the highest abundance for each pathogen distinguished these pathogens with varied detection sensitivities. Peptide markers for A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, when spiked simultaneously into inflamed BAL, were detected with as few as 3.6 (0.2) × 103 and 2.2 (0.6) × 103 colony-forming units, respectively, by targeted LC-MS/MS. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study shows the feasibility of identifying unique peptides in BAL for 5 gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and it may provide a novel approach for rapid direct identification of bacterial pathogens in BAL.

scholarly journals The Arabidopsis PAD4 Lipase-Like Domain Is Sufficient for Resistance to Green Peach Aphid

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joram A. Dongus ◽  
Deepak D. Bhandari ◽  
Monika Patel ◽  
Lani Archer ◽  
Lucas Dijkgraaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Aphid Resistance ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

Plants have evolved mechanisms to protect themselves against pathogenic microbes and insect pests. In Arabidopsis, the immune regulator PAD4 functions with its cognate partner EDS1 to limit pathogen growth. PAD4, independently of EDS1, reduces infestation by green peach aphid (GPA). How PAD4 regulates these defense outputs is unclear. By expressing the N-terminal PAD4 lipase-like domain (PAD4LLD) without its C-terminal EDS1-PAD4 (EP) domain, we interrogated PAD4 functions in plant defense. Here, we show that transgenic expression of PAD4LLD in Arabidopsis is sufficient for limiting GPA infestation but not for conferring basal and effector-triggered pathogen immunity. This suggests that the C-terminal PAD4 EP domain is necessary for EDS1-dependent immune functions but is dispensable for aphid resistance. Moreover, PAD4LLD is not sufficient to interact with EDS1, indicating the PAD4-EP domain is required for stable heterodimerization. These data provide molecular evidence that PAD4 has domain-specific functions.

Insect Pests and Yield Potential of Vegetable Soybean (Edamame) Produced in Georgia

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. McPherson ◽  
W. C. Johnson ◽  
E. G. Fonsah ◽  
P. M. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Vegetable Soybean ◽  
Green Seed ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Seed Yields

A series of replicated field experiments was conducted with vegetable soybean (edamame), Glycine max (L.) Merrill, to assess the impacts of cultivars, planting dates, and insecticidal controls on insect pest abundance, crop damage and yield potential. The velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, was the most common lepidopteran defoliator in this study, causing heavy defoliation in some years when left untreated. Other lepidopterans observed included the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and the green cloverworm, Hypena scabra (F.). Stink bugs, primarily the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), also caused seed damage in some cultivars when left untreated. Stink bug damage exceeded expectations on edamame seeds when exposed to moderate stink bug densities (≤3 bugs per 25 sweeps). Other arthropods that were commonly observed included threecornered alfalfa hoppers, Spissistilus festinus (Say), grasshoppers, Melanoplus spp., and the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris). Arthropod infestations on edamame were similar to reported pest problems on conventional soybeans being produced for oil and meal. Midseason applications of the insecticides diflubenzuron plus l-cyhalothrin reduced insect pest populations, percentage of arthropod-induced defoliation and percentage of seeds damaged by stink bugs, but had little effect on edamame yields. Most defoliation and seed damage occurred during R5 development when seeds were approaching full size, thus only minimal yield reductions were noted. However, seed quality of the untreated vegetable soybeans would be unacceptable for the consumer. Total fresh green yields ranged from 2343–11,895 kg ha−1, depending on year, cultivar and planting date, whereas fresh green seed yields ranged from 1208–6,119 kg ha−1. Early-maturing edamame cultivars planted in April had fewer insect pests and less damage than the cultivars planted later. Avoidance of insect pests is an important production consideration for insect management, especially critical in an organic production system. The fresh green seed yields produced during this study demonstrate that this emerging alternative crop has the potential for economic success in the southern region, assuming that the arthropod pests are effectively managed to maintain acceptable edamame quality and yield.

scholarly journals Fishing for New Bt Receptors in Diamondback Moth

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yazhou Chen ◽  
Yuping Huang ◽  
Qun Liu ◽  
Jun Xu ◽  
Saskia Hogenhout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brush Border ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Bt Toxins ◽  
Insect Gut ◽  
Immunoblotting Technique

ABSTRACTBt toxins bind to receptors in the brush border membrane of the insect gut and create pores, leading to insect death. Bt-resistant insects demonstrate reduced binding of the Bt toxins to gut membranes. However, our understanding of the gut receptors involved in Bt toxin binding, and which receptors confer resistance to these toxins is incomplete, especially in diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major agricultural pest. Identifying receptors has remained challenging because we lack sufficiently sensitive methods to detect Bt receptor interactions. Here, we report a modified far-immunoblotting technique, which revealed a broad spectrum of binding targets for the Bt toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Bd in diamondback moth. We confirm the role of the glucosinolate sulfatases GSS1 and GSS2 in Cry1Bd toxicity. GSS1 and GSS2 bind directly to Cry1Bd, and their expression is crucial for Cry1Bd toxicity. These results improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Bt toxicity.AUTHOR SUMMARYThe Bt toxins, from the soil bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis, have wide applications in agriculture as insecticides applied to plants or expressed in genetically modified crops. Bt toxins bind to receptors in the brush border membrane of the insect gut and create pores leading to insect death. The success of the Bt toxins in controlling insect pests has been hindered by the emergence of resistant insects, which show reduced binding of Bt to their gut membranes. Although ongoing research has identified a few receptors, many remain unknown and the mechanisms by which these receptors cause resistance remain unclear. Here, we used a modified far-immunoblotting technique to identify proteins that bind to the toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Bd in the diamondback moth. This identified two glucosinolate sulfatases that bind directly to Cry1Bd; also, the toxicity of Cry1Bd requires expression of these glucosinolate sulfatases. Therefore, identification of these candidate receptors improves our understanding of Bt function and resistance.

scholarly journals Field assessment of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) genotypes against major insect pests in subtropical region of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-255
Author(s):  
Saraswati Neupane ◽  
Subash Subedi ◽  
Rajendra Darai ◽  
Trista Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Vigna Mungo ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
National Recommendation ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch

Direct damage due to insect pests is one of the major causes limiting the yield potential of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) in Nepal. A total of 17 blackgram genotypes were screened for resistance to major insect pests, including aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.), hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua Walker) and pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) in National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan during summer season of 2018 and 2019. The design of the experiment was randomized complete block having three replications. Genotypes were sown on first week of August in a unit plot size of 4 rows of 2 m long with 40 cm row to row spacing and continue plant to plant spacing was maintained and net harvested plot was 3.2 square meters. The recommended dose of fertilizer was 20:40:20 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha and seed rate 25 kg/ha. The package of agronomic practices was followed as per national recommendation. Data on insects were collected by counting the number of insects per plant. The yield and yield components were recorded at harvest. All screened genotypes differed significantly (p<0.05) for insect population, yield and yield components. From two years field data, three genotypes BLG0069-1, BLG0036-1 and BLG0079-1 had lower number of above mentioned insect populations, exhibited more resistant in both years and produced higher grain yield (~1.5 t/ha) than other genotypes. These genotypes might be useful for the development of major insect pest tolerant high yielding blackgram variety in subtropical region of Nepal.

scholarly journals Targeting the potassium ion channel genesSKandSHas a novel approach for control of insect pests: efficacy and biosafety

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baida Alshukri ◽  
Federica Astarita ◽  
Mushtaq Al‐Esawy ◽  
Hesham Mohamed El Sayed Abd El Halim ◽  
Francesco Pennacchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channel ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Potassium Ion Channel ◽  
Novel Approach
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