scholarly journals Smart Textiles Testing: A Roadmap to Standardized Test Methods for Safety and Quality-Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikra Iftekhar Shuvo ◽  
Justine Decaens ◽  
Dominic Lachapelle ◽  
Patricia I. Dolez
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Electronic Textiles ◽  
Smart Textiles ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Textile Products

Test methods for smart or electronic textiles (e-textiles) are critical to ensure product safety and industrial quality control. This paper starts with a review of three key aspects: (i) commercial e-textile products/technologies, (ii) safety and quality control issues observed or foreseen, and (iii) relevant standards published or in preparation worldwide. A total of twenty-two standards on smart textiles – by CEN TC 248/WG 31, IEC TC 124, ASTM D13.50, and AATCC RA111 technical committees – were identified; they cover five categories of e-textile applications: electrical, thermal, mechanical, optical, and physical environment. Based on the number of e-textile products currently commercially available and issues in terms of safety, efficiency, and durability, there is a critical need for test methods for thermal applications, as well as to a lesser degree, for energy harvesting and chemical and biological applications. The results of this study can be used as a roadmap for the development of new standardized test methods for safety & quality control of smart textiles.

scholarly journals Highly Sensitive E-Textile Strain Sensors Enhanced by Geometrical Treatment for Human Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Cuong Vu ◽  
Jooyong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Form Factors ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Electronic Textiles ◽  
Smart Textiles ◽  
Electronic Manufacturing ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Textile Sensors ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

Electronic textiles, also known as smart textiles or smart fabrics, are one of the best form factors that enable electronics to be embedded in them, presenting physical flexibility and sizes that cannot be achieved with other existing electronic manufacturing techniques. As part of smart textiles, e-sensors for human movement monitoring have attracted tremendous interest from researchers in recent years. Although there have been outstanding developments, smart e-textile sensors still present significant challenges in sensitivity, accuracy, durability, and manufacturing efficiency. This study proposes a two-step approach (from structure layers and shape) to actively enhance the performance of e-textile strain sensors and improve manufacturing ability for the industry. Indeed, the fabricated strain sensors based on the silver paste/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) layers and buffer cutting lines have fast response time, low hysteresis, and are six times more sensitive than SWCNT sensors alone. The e-textile sensors are integrated on a glove for monitoring the angle of finger motions. Interestingly, by attaching the sensor to the skin of the neck, the pharynx motions when speaking, coughing, and swallowing exhibited obvious and consistent signals. This research highlights the effect of the shapes and structures of e-textile strain sensors in the operation of a wearable e-textile system. This work also is intended as a starting point that will shape the standardization of strain fabric sensors in different applications.

Animal Models and Alternatives in the Quality Control of Vaccines: Are In Vitro Methods or In Vivo Methods the Scientific Equivalent of the Emperor's New Clothes?

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Coenraad Hendriksen ◽  
Johan van der Gun
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Vitro Test

In the quality control of vaccine batches, the potency testing of inactivated vaccines is one of the areas requiring very large numbers of animals, which usually suffer significant distress as a result of the experimental procedures employed. This article deals with the potency testing of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, two vaccines which are used extensively throughout the world. The relevance of the potency test prescribed by the European Pharmacopoeia monographs is questioned. The validity of the potency test as a model for the human response, the ability of the test to be standardised, and the relevance of the test in relation to the quality of the product are discussed. It is concluded that the potency test has only limited predictive value for the antitoxin responses to be expected in recipients of these toxoids. An alternative approach for estimating the potency of toxoid batches is discussed, in which a distinction is made between estimation of the immunogenic potency of the first few batches obtained from a seed lot and monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches. The use of animals is limited to the first few batches. Monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches is based on in vitro test methods. Factors which hamper the introduction and acceptance of the alternative approach are considered. Finally, proposals are made for replacement, reduction and/or refinement (the Three Rs) in the use of animals in the routine potency testing of toxoids.

scholarly journals Development of a superhydrophobic electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) web via plasma etching and water immersion for energy harvesting applications

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (50) ◽  
pp. 28825-28835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beom-Jun Ju ◽  
Ji-Hyun Oh ◽  
Changsang Yun ◽  
Chung Hee Park
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Plasma Etching ◽  
Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Smart Textiles ◽  
Simple Process ◽  
Poly Vinylidene Fluoride

Flexible and breathable electrospun PVDF web with both piezoelectricity and superhydrophobicity for smart textiles was fabricated by a simple process, plasma etching and water immersion, without any additional coatings.

The issues of controlling the use of chemical reagents to ensure the safety and efficiency of oil production, treatment and transportation

2021 ◽  
pp. 338-345
Author(s):  
Ильназ Ильфарович Хасбиуллин ◽  
Антон Анатольевич Шматков
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
State Level ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Pipeline Transportation ◽  
Technical Regulation ◽  
Chemical Reagents

Химические реагенты активно используются в нефтяной отрасли для решения практических задач и совершенствования технологических процессов. При этом на сегодняшний день в России не определен единый, регламентированный нормативно-правовым документом надлежащей юридической силы, порядок применения и контроля качества химических реагентов при добыче, сборе, подготовке и трубопроводном транспорте нефти. С целью обоснования необходимости совершенствования технического регулирования в указанной области проведен анализ нормативно-правовой базы, требований к данному виду химической продукции, процедуры ее сертификации, правил и порядка допуска к применению. Установлено, что в настоящее время использование химических реагентов в нефтяной отрасли почти в полной мере регулируется внутренними нормативными документами компаний - потребителей этих химических веществ, что имеет издержки и недостаточно для эффективного функционирования системы технического регулирования в рассматриваемой области. Представляется целесообразным вернуться к ранее существовавшей практике общего нормативно-правового регулирования применения химических реагентов в процессах добычи, сбора, подготовки и трубопроводного транспорта нефти, а также обязательной сертификации данного вида продукции. Необходимо продолжать деятельность по обеспечению эффективности и безопасности применения химических реагентов: совершенствовать нормативную базу и систему контроля качества, разрабатывать новые методики испытаний и инструкции по применению. Все эти меры должны реализовываться не только на отраслевом, но и на государственном уровне. Chemical reagents are actively used in the oil industry to solve practical problems and improve processes. At the same time, Russia currently has no unified procedure for the use and quality control of chemical reagents in the production, collection, preparation, and pipeline transportation of oil that is regulated by a legal document of proper legal force. In order to substantiate the need to improve technical regulation in this sphere, analysis of the regulatory and legal framework, the requirements established for this type of chemical product, the procedure for its certification, rules and procedures for admission to use has been conducted. It has been established that currently the use of chemical reagents in the oil industry is almost fully regulated by the internal regulatory documents of companies that consume these chemicals, which incurs costs and is insufficient for the effective functioning of the technical regulation system in the industry under consideration. It seems appropriate to return to the previously existing practice of full legal regulation of the use of chemical reagents in the processes of oil production, collection, preparation, and pipeline transportation, as well as mandatory certification for this type of product. It is necessary to continue activities to ensure efficiency and safety of the chemical reagent use: to improve the regulatory framework and quality control system, to develop new test methods and usage instructions. All these measures need to be implemented not only at the industry but also at the state level.

Alkali Activity of Granite Aggregates and Control in the Concrete of the Three Gorges Project

2013 ◽  
Vol 539 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
Zai Qin Wang ◽  
Chong Xi Liu ◽  
Zi Yun Wen ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Liang Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Test ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Three Gorges Project ◽  
Three Gorges ◽  
Concrete Aggregates ◽  
The Three Gorges ◽  
The Three Gorges Project ◽  
And Control

On the basis of the existing standardized test methods of concrete aggregates alkali activity, the alkali activity of the granite aggregates is studied by extending the observation time. The results showed that the alkali reaction expansion ratio of the fresh granite broke through the 0.1% criterion limit after a decade of time. The reactant microstructure characteristic is similar to the structure of the alkali-silica reaction, the thickness of reaction layer is about 2~4 µm. Controlling the total alkali content of the dam concrete and replacing cement by mixing a certain proportion of fly ash can effectively prevent the occurrence of the AAR in the Three Gorges Project.

Energy Harvesting Smart Textiles

2017 ◽  
pp. 199-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derman Vatansever Bayramol ◽  
Navneet Soin ◽  
Tahir Shah ◽  
Elias Siores ◽  
Dimitroula Matsouka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Smart Textiles

Comparison of Standardized Test Methods for Determining the Permeability of the Surface Layer of Concrete

2015 ◽  
Vol 1122 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Tereza Komárková ◽  
Monika Králíková ◽  
Dalibor Kocáb ◽  
Petr Misák ◽  
Tomáš Stavař
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standardized Assessment ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Durability Of Concrete

The durability of concrete can be assessed based on the quality of the surface layer of concrete, for which there are a few standardized assessment test methods. Usually, the quality of the surface layer of concrete is evaluated based on its air and water permeability. The aim of this experiment was to compare the outputs which provide some methods for determining the permeability of the surface layer of concrete (GWT, ISAT, TPT, the depth of penetration of water under pressure). The measured values using the individual methods of assessing the permeability of the surface layer of concrete very closely correspond.

Quality Assurance for In Vitro Alternative Test Methods: Quality Control Issues in Test Kit Production

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 725-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Rispin ◽  
John W. Harbell ◽  
Mitchell Klausner ◽  
Foster T. Jordan ◽  
Sandra Coecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Alternative Test
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