scholarly journals Sugarcane Breeding for Enhanced Fiber and Its Impacts on Industrial Processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Sica
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Energy Cane ◽  
Sugarcane Breeding ◽  
Brazilian Government

For centuries, sugar has been virtually the only commercialized product derived from sugarcane. Traditionally, sugarcane breeding programs focused exclusively on the increase of the sucrose content, abandoning characteristics such as biomass yield and fiber content. Recently, sugarcane gained prominence also for its potential in terms of biomass production. As a result, some sugarcane breeding programs began to look for ways to increase fiber content and biomass yield instead of sugar content. In the 1980s, Alexander created the concept of energy cane. Here we review the changes in the sugarcane breeding programs related to enhanced fiber instead of sugar content. Compare the energy generation of energy cane with other biomass crops. Also, the recent changes in the biomass and biofuels scenario, focusing on topics as 2G ethanol and the RenovaBio program, from the Brazilian Government, which will give carbon credits to biofuels. Although several studies demonstrate its potential for biomass production, energy cane is still a new technology on an experimental scale and has been struggling to reach and establish on a commercial scale. However, policies and new technologies are increasing the demand for lignocellulosic material. Therefore, this chapter connects these points and shows the potential of this new plant material for the coming years.

Early stage selection for commercial cane sugar (CCS) in sugarcane clones: effects of time of sampling and irrigation

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip A. Jackson ◽  
Terry E. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sugarcane Breeding ◽  
Selection For

Commercially recoverable sugar content in sugarcane (CCS, expressed as a percentage) is a key selection criterion in sugarcane breeding programs. In some sugarcane breeding programs there may be significant operational advantages in measuring CCS early in the crop growth cycle, well before commercial harvesting would normally commence, and in restricting growth by withholding irrigation to reduce cane yield and lodging. Two field experiments were conducted to investigate these effects. The experiments included clones representative of genotypes routinely assessed in the earliest stages of clonal selection in breeding programs. Differences among genotypes for CCS were expressed early when cane had very low CCS (in February or March), and then rates of increase in CCS following that time were similar in most genotypes. Therefore, time of sampling had little effect on ranking of genotypes for CCS, and selection for high CCS could be effective early in the year. Irrigation regime also had little effect on ranking of the clones for CCS, indicating that mild water stress could be imposed with no adverse effect on selection results. The results are discussed in relation to optimising selection procedures and systems in early stage selection trials in sugarcane breeding programs, and better understanding the physiological basis of genetic variation in CCS.

scholarly journals Applications of Quantitative Genetics and Statistical Analyses in Sugarcane Breeding

Sugar Tech ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Yves Hoarau ◽  
Thomas Dumont ◽  
Xianming Wei ◽  
Philip Jackson ◽  
Angélique D’Hont
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Genetics ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sugarcane Breeding ◽  
Breeding Research ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

AbstractSugarcane breeding programs aim to deliver new high-yielding varieties, resistant to diseases and pests, which contribute to profitability and sustainability of cane industries. These programs generally mobilize significant experimental, technological and human resources on long-term basis. Their efficiency in terms of genetic gains per unit of cost and time and their ability to release new varieties rely on the development of many breeding applications based on quantitative genetics theory and on statistical analyses of numerous experimental data from selection schemes including DNA marker data developed for some genomic breeding applications. New methodological approaches and new technologies that might better guide and support breeding research in cultivars development programs are continually sought. This paper presents an overview of the main applications developed in statistical methodology in support of the efficiency of sugarcane breeding programs. For each type of application, its conceptual and methodological framework is presented. Implementation issues are reviewed as well as the main scientific and practical achievements so far obtained.

Genotype × environment interactions in sugarcane. I. Patterns of response across sites and crop-years in north Queensland

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Jackson ◽  
DM Hogarth
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sugarcane Breeding ◽  
General Response ◽  
Efficient Selection

Responses of sugarcane genotypes across environments in north Queensland for sugar yield and its components cane yield and sugar content, were examined using pattern analysis methods. The aim was to provide information which could be used in designing efficient selection methods for sugarcane breeding programs. Of particular interest was the comparison of variation in relative performance of genotypes across sites and crop-years. Results from two series of sugarcane trials in north Queensland are presented. In the first series, 65 genotypes were evaluated at four sites and across plant, first ratoon and second ratoon crops. In the second, 52 genotypes were evaluated across four sites and across plant and first ratoon crops. Crops and years were confounded in both series. Crop-years within sites were generally more similar for genotypic responses than environments from different sites. Within most sites the relative ranking of groups of genotypes derived from cluster analysis was similar across different crop-years. However, there were some substantial differences in ranking of the groups between some sites and selection would vary if different subsets of sites were considered. There was little variation among groups in general response to ratoon crop-years. The results indicate that testing across sites is of importance. However, the similarity in information obtained across crop-years within most sites suggests there may be limited gain in testing across multiple crops or years within a particular site.

The Recent Revolution in High Performance Computing

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Horst D. Simon
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Computing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Parallel Architecture ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Good News ◽  
Computing Industry ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Performance Computing

Recent events in the high-performance computing industry have concerned scientists and the general public regarding a crisis or a lack of leadership in the field. That concern is understandable considering the industry's history from 1993 to 1996. Cray Research, the historic leader in supercomputing technology, was unable to survive financially as an independent company and was acquired by Silicon Graphics. Two ambitious new companies that introduced new technologies in the late 1980s and early 1990s—Thinking Machines and Kendall Square Research—were commercial failures and went out of business. And Intel, which introduced its Paragon supercomputer in 1994, discontinued production only two years later.During the same time frame, scientists who had finished the laborious task of writing scientific codes to run on vector parallel supercomputers learned that those codes would have to be rewritten if they were to run on the next-generation, highly parallel architecture. Scientists who are not yet involved in high-performance computing are understandably hesitant about committing their time and energy to such an apparently unstable enterprise.However, beneath the commercial chaos of the last several years, a technological revolution has been occurring. The good news is that the revolution is over, leading to five to ten years of predictable stability, steady improvements in system performance, and increased productivity for scientific applications. It is time for scientists who were sitting on the fence to jump in and reap the benefits of the new technology.

scholarly journals Adaptation assessment of drought tolerance in maize populations from the Sahara in both shores of the Mediterranean Sea

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oula Maafi ◽  
Pedro Revilla ◽  
Lorena Álvarez-Iglesias ◽  
Rosa Ana Malvar ◽  
Abderahmane Djemel
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Favorable Alleles ◽  
Maize Germplasm ◽  
Maize Populations ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Main Stress ◽  
And Control

AbstractDrought is the main stress for agriculture, and maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm from the Sahara has been identified as potential source of drought tolerance; however, information about adaptation of semitropical maize germplasm from the Sahara to temperate areas has not been reported. Our objective was assessing the adaptation of maize germplasm from Saharan oases as sources of drought tolerance for improving yield and biomass production under drought conditions in temperate environments. A collection of maize populations from Saharan oases was evaluated under drought and control conditions in Spain and Algeria. Algerian populations were significantly different under drought for most traits, and the significant genotype × environment interactions indicated that drought tolerance is genotype-dependent, but tolerance differences among genotypes change across environments. Based on yield, the Algerian maize populations PI527474, PI527478, PI527472, PI527467, PI527470, and PI527473 would be appropriate sources of drought tolerance for temperate environments. Concerning biomass production, the most interesting populations were PI527467, PI542685, PI527478, and PI527472. These Saharan populations could provide favorable alleles for drought tolerance for temperate breeding programs, and could also be used for studying mechanisms and genetic regulation of drought tolerance.

Tradition and Innovation in Cataloguing Medieval Manuscripts

2021 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-58
Author(s):  
Orietta Da Rold
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Digital Form ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Medieval Manuscripts ◽  
Early Career Researchers ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Training

Abstract In this essay, I offer a brief history of manuscript cataloguing and some observations on the innovations this practice introduced especially in the digital form. This history reveals that as the cataloguing of medieval manuscripts developed over time, so did the research needs it served. What was often considered traditional cataloguing practices had to be mediated to accommodate new scholarly advance, posing interesting questions, for example, on what new technologies can bring to this discussion. In the digital age, in particular, how do digital catalogues interact with their analogue counterparts? What skills and training are required of scholars interacting with this new technology? To this end, I will consider the importance of the digital environment to enable a more flexible approach to cataloguing. I will also discuss new insights into digital projects, especially the experience accrued by the The Production and Use of English Manuscripts 1060 to 1220 Project, and then propose that in the future cataloguing should be adaptable and shareable, and make full use of the different approaches to manuscripts generated by collaboration between scholars and librarians or the work of postgraduate students and early career researchers.

scholarly journals A Component-Sizing Methodology for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using an Optimization Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3147
Author(s):  
Kiyoung Kim ◽  
Namdoo Kim ◽  
Jongryeol Jeong ◽  
Sunghwan Min ◽  
Horim Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Minimum Principle ◽  
Component Sizing ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Many leading companies in the automotive industry have been putting tremendous effort into developing new powertrains and technologies to make their products more energy efficient. Evaluating the fuel economy benefit of a new technology in specific powertrain systems is straightforward; and, in an early concept phase, obtaining a projection of energy efficiency benefits from new technologies is extremely useful. However, when carmakers consider new technology or powertrain configurations, they must deal with a trade-off problem involving factors such as energy efficiency and performance, because of the complexities of sizing a vehicle’s powertrain components, which directly affect its energy efficiency and dynamic performance. As powertrains of modern vehicles become more complicated, even more effort is required to design the size of each component. This study presents a component-sizing process based on the forward-looking vehicle simulator “Autonomie” and the optimization algorithm “POUNDERS”; the supervisory control strategy based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) assures sufficient computational system efficiency. We tested the process by applying it to a single power-split hybrid electric vehicle to determine optimal values of gear ratios and each component size, where we defined the optimization problem as minimizing energy consumption when the vehicle’s dynamic performance is given as a performance constraint. The suggested sizing process will be helpful in determining optimal component sizes for vehicle powertrain to maximize fuel efficiency while dynamic performance is satisfied. Indeed, this process does not require the engineer’s intuition or rules based on heuristics required in the rule-based process.

Technological Change and the International System

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen V. Milner ◽  
Sondre Ulvund Solstad
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
International System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Adoption Of New Technology

ABSTRACTDo world politics affect the adoption of new technology? States overwhelmingly rely on technology invented abroad, and their differential intensity of technology use accounts for many of their differences in economic development. Much of the literature on technology adoption focuses on domestic conditions. The authors argue instead that the structure of the international system is critical because it affects the level of competition among states, which in turn affects leaders’ willingness to enact policies that speed technology adoption. Countries adopt new technology as they seek to avoid being vulnerable to attack or coercion by other countries. By systematically examining states’ adoption of technology over the past two hundred years, the authors find that countries adopt new technologies faster when the international system is less concentrated, that changes in systemic concentration have a temporally causal effect on technology adoption, and that government policies to promote technology adoption are related to concerns about rising international competition. A competitive international system is an important incentive for technological change and may underlie global technology waves.

New Technologies and the Prospects for Europe's Farmers

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-6
Author(s):  
Patrick Commins ◽  
James V. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Commercial Viability

This article examines possible future developments with particular references to the role of new technology and the implications for Europe's agricultural producers. The main proposition is that the maintenance of commercial viability will oblige producers to adopt innovations and new practices, but the most successful will be farmers with the greater economic resources and superior managerial abilities. The outcome will be increasing socio-economic differentiation within the EEC population of agricultural producers and an increasing proportion of farm output coming from the top 20 per cent of farmers in the Community.

scholarly journals Technology Adoption and Consumer Payments: Evidence from Survey Data

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiko Hayashi ◽  
Elizabeth Klee
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Electronic Payment ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Transaction Value ◽  
Debit Cards

Consumers pay for hundreds of goods and services each year, but across households and across goods, consumers do not choose to pay the same way. This paper posits that payment choices depend in part on consumers' propensity to adopt new technologies and in part on the nature of the transaction. To test this hypothesis, this paper analyzes consumer's payment instrument use at the point of sale and for bill payment. The sample includes consumers surveyed in 2001, who are primarily users of the Internet. The results indicate that consumers who use new technology or computers are more likely to use electronic forms of payment, such as debit cards and electronic bill payments. Particularly, the use of direct deposit is a significant predictor of electronic payment use. Furthermore, the results indicate that payment choice depends on the characteristics of the transaction, such as the transaction value, the physical characteristics of the point of sale, and a bill's frequency and value variability.

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