scholarly journals Effect of Environmental Temperature on Water Intake in Poultry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ochuko Orakpoghenor ◽  
Ngozi Ejum Ogbuagu ◽  
Lawal Sa’Idu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Metabolic Water

Water is an essential nutrient in animal nutrition, makes about 70 to 80% of lean body mass and plays important roles in poultry metabolism and thermal homeostasis. Water provided as drinking water constitutes the largest proportion of water available to poultry followed by metabolic water and that available in feed. The intake of water by birds varies depending on the age, environmental temperature, relative humidity, certain diet constituents, type of drinkers used and rate of growth. An increase in environmental temperature tends to cause an increase in water intake while decrease in environmental temperature causes decrease in water intake. Hence, in addition to its nutritional role, water is more important for thermoregulation in chickens especially under hot conditions.

scholarly journals The Adhesion of Ice Spheres in Electric Fields

1967 ◽  
Vol 6 (46) ◽  
pp. 505-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Latham ◽  
C. P. R. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
External Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Electrostatic Forces ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Crystal Aggregation

AbstractThe forceFrequired to separate two ice spheres was measured as a function of environmental temperatureT, relative humidityHand the strengthEof the external electric field in which the spheres were situated. It was found that over the entire attainable range ofTandH,Fincreased rapidly with increasingE. The increased adhesion was not accompanied by an increase in the rate of growth of the ice bridge between the two spheres and is explicable in terms of Davis’s (1964) calculations of the purely electrostatic forces between two spheres situated in an electric field. The experiments indicate that the rate of growth of snowflakes in a cloud by means of ice crystal aggregation will be markedly enhanced if the cloud is highly electrified.

EFFECTS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DRINKING WATER ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF SHEEP

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Bailey ◽  
R. Hironaka ◽  
S. B Slen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Reduced Water

Temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues of four sheep receiving [Formula: see text] pounds of alfalfa hay per day were recorded at environmental temperatures of 15 °C. and −12 °C. The temperature of the drinking water was 20 °C. when the environmental temperature was 15 °C. and variously 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30 °C. during four different periods when the environmental temperature was −12 °C. At both environmental temperatures, the temperature in the rumen was higher than that in the rectum which, in turn, was higher than that in the subcutaneous tissues. The consumption of feed caused a transient increase in the temperature in the rumen and rectum while the consumption of water caused a transient decrease in the temperature in the rumen. A reduction in environmental temperature from 15 °C. to −12 °C. caused decreases in the temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues, and reduced water intake from about 1600 to about 800 milliliters/day. At an environmental temperature of −12 °C., the temperature of the drinking water did not influence the amount of water consumed. It did, however, have an effect on body temperature because the average temperature in the rectum was slightly higher when the drinking water was 0 °C. than when it was 30 °C.

Factors influencing food intake of rats fed low-protein rations

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 1350-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Meyer ◽  
W. A. Hargus
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Innate Ability

Rats fed low-protein rations increased food intake, weight gain and gain in lean body mass when forced to expend energy by low environmental temperature or exercise (swimming). Rats fed low-protein rations with a higher proportion of fat in their weight gain had a greater food intake and gain in lean body mass. Therefore, gain in lean body mass was improved not only by stimulating energy loss by cold environment or exercise but by an innate ability to deposit more fat in the weight gain, because of an increased food intake, and hence protein intake.

scholarly journals The Adhesion of Ice Spheres in Electric Fields

1967 ◽  
Vol 6 (46) ◽  
pp. 505-514
Author(s):  
J. Latham ◽  
C. P. R. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
External Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Electrostatic Forces ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Crystal Aggregation

AbstractThe force F required to separate two ice spheres was measured as a function of environmental temperature T, relative humidity H and the strength E of the external electric field in which the spheres were situated. It was found that over the entire attainable range of T and H, F increased rapidly with increasing E. The increased adhesion was not accompanied by an increase in the rate of growth of the ice bridge between the two spheres and is explicable in terms of Davis’s (1964) calculations of the purely electrostatic forces between two spheres situated in an electric field. The experiments indicate that the rate of growth of snowflakes in a cloud by means of ice crystal aggregation will be markedly enhanced if the cloud is highly electrified.

Quantitative prediction of drinking water intake of Murrah buffalo calves under saline water

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Sharma ◽  
S. S. Kundu ◽  
Hujaz Tariq ◽  
Preeti ◽  
N. Kewalramani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Quantitative Prediction ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Murrah Buffalo

The present investigation was carried out with the aim of determining water requirement of Murrah buffalo calves under saline water. Twenty male buffalo calves were divided into five different treatment groups (n = 4 each) with average body weight of 219.94 kg. The animals in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups were offered water having total dissolved solids (TDS) 0.55, 2.57, 4.46, 6.11 and 8.78 parts per thousand, respectively for 180 days. Data regarding environmental factors (maximum ambient temperature (Tmax), relative humidity (RH), rainfall and sunshine hour), dry matter intake (DMI) and drinking water intake (DWI) of individual animals were recorded daily. Results showed that Tmax, DMI, body weight (BW), rainfall and sunshine hours were positively related (P<0.001) while, relative humidity (RH) and total dissolved solids (TDS) of water were negatively correlated (P<0.001) to DWI. Applying a multiple linear regression analysis to all independent variables yielded DWI prediction equation as: (DWI) (L/day) = - 7.81- 0.45 × TDS (parts per thousand) + 0.41 × Tmax (°C) + 2.97 × DMI (kg/day) - 0.004 × BW (kg) with coefficient of multiple determination (R2 = 0.80), which can be useful to predict DWI of buffalo calves reared on saline water under tropical climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Drug delivery to rodents: how to deal with body mass and water intake fluctuations?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonçalves Leidyanne Ferreira ◽  
Fernandes-Santos Caroline
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Drug Stability ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
High Sucrose Diet ◽  
High Sucrose

ABSTRACTIntroductionAnimal models are used to test the safety and efficacy of drugs. They are often administered to rodents in the drinking water, but it has some limitations, such as the drug stability, variations of water consumption and body mass. We investigated telmisartan (TEL) stability in mice drinking water by UV spectrophotometry, and if water intake and body mass fluctuations change drug ingestion.MethodsFemale C57BL/6 mice at two months old, were fed for eight weeks with a purified AIN93M diet, or a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS). TEL 5 mg/Kg/day was administered ad libitum to mice in the drinking water during three weeks concomitant with diets, summing 11 weeks of diet feeding.ResultsUV spectrophotometry could detect TEL at the wavelength of 300 nm, and it remained stable in mice drinking water for seven days, at the concentration expected. Mice gain weight after eight weeks on high-fat high-sucrose diet feeding, and TEL 5 mg/kg/day in the drinking water for three weeks reduced it. TEL did not change water intake. Not adjusting TEL concentration weekly would lead to a higher intake of TEL by mice.DiscussionWe demonstrated that body mass and water intake fluctuations significantly change the amount of drug that the animal receive, and it would add a bias to the experiment. TEL remains stable for at least seven days in wrapped mice water bottles in the animal care facility, and UV spectrophotometry proved to be a simple and low-cost method to detect TEL in mice drinking water.

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