scholarly journals Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Dir City

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakeel Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Large Size ◽  
City District ◽  
Solid Waste Generation ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The City

The study is an attempt to analyze municipal solid waste generation Dir City, District Dir Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. This study has utilized primary data collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and direct waste sampling as primary research. Mathematical analysis and descriptive statistical analysis is applied and generation of municipal solid waste at different scales is estimated. Results indicated that the total waste generated was 16.65 million kg/annum (18356.5 tons) or 45624 kg/day (50.29 tons), or 0.37 kg/capita. Average waste produced by residential, commercial, educational and health sectors was 3.3 kg, 21 kg, 12 kg and 7 kg, correspondingly. Among all, residential sector was the leading producer with 40738 kg (89%) follow by commercial sector 4321 kg (9%) per day while remaining in fraction. High income households and large size families were producing average waste of 5.6 kg/day and 4.9 kg/day, respectively. The main components of waste generated in the study area included paper (8%), organic matter (53%), plastics (12%), clay, pebbles, gravels, ashes and broken ceramic objects (24.8%). The spatial distribution of waste generation varies across the city, high rate of generation was found Rehankot and Shaow whereas Fringe areas were characterized by low generation rate.

scholarly journals Application of Modified Grey Forecasting Model to Predict the Municipal Solid Waste Generation using MLP and MLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1276-1296
Author(s):  
Mohd Anjum ◽  
Sana Shahab ◽  
Mohammad Sarosh Umar
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Grey Model ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Elementary Model ◽  
Grey Forecasting ◽  
Solid Waste Generation ◽  
Forecasting Theory

Grey forecasting theory is an approach to build a prediction model with limited data to produce better forecasting results. This forecasting theory has an elementary model, represented as the GM(1,1) model , characterized by the first-order differential equation of one variable. It has the potential for accurate and reliable forecasting without any statistical assumption. The research proposes a methodology to derive the modified GM(1,1) model with improved forecasting precision. The residual series is forecasted by the GM(1,1) model to modify the actual forecasted values. The study primarily addresses two fundamental issues: sign prediction of forecasted residual and the procedure for formulating the grey model. Accurate sign prediction is very complex, especially when the model lacks in data. The signs of forecasted residuals are determined using a multilayer perceptron to overcome this drawback. Generally, the elementary model is formulated conventionally, containing the parameters that cannot be calculated straightforward. Therefore, maximum likelihood estimation is incorporated in the modified model to resolve this drawback. Three statistical indicators, relative residual, posterior variance test, and absolute degree of grey indices, are evaluated to determine the model fitness and validation. Finally, an empirical study is performed using actual municipal solid waste generation data in Saudi Arabia, and forecasting accuracies are compared with the linear regression and original GM(1,1). The MAPEs of all models are rigorously examined and compared, and then it is obtained that the forecasting precision of GM(1,1) model , modified GM(1,1) model, and linear regression is 15.97%, 8.90%, and 27.90%, respectively. The experimental outcomes substantiate that the modified grey model is a more suitable forecasting approach than the other compared models.

Municipal solid waste generation in China: influencing factor analysis and multi-model forecasting

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1761-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leaksmy Chhay ◽  
Md Amjad Hossain Reyad ◽  
Rathny Suy ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Md Manik Mian
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Solid Waste Generation
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